Do Students Know What They Know and What They Don’t Know? Using a Four-Tier Diagnostic Test to Assess the Nature of Students’ Alternative Conceptions

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Assessing 10- to 11-year-old children’s performance and misconceptions in number sense using a four-tier diagnostic test (2015, background): “The findings were also consistent with the findings in the earlier studies that problems in the reason tier were more challenging for students (e.g. Caleon and Subramaniam 2010).”
A Review and Comparison of Diagnostic Instruments to Identify Students' Misconceptions in Science. (2015, methodology): “…1979), whereas in a numerous number of other studies they were used prior to written tests (Goldberg & McDermott, 1987), after the written test (Caleon & Subramaniam, 2010a; Hestenes et al., 1992; Schmidt, 1997), or during the test development process to construct the items of the written…”
Development and Assessment of A Diagnostic Tool to Identify Organic Chemistry Students’ Alternative Conceptions Related to Acid Strength (2012, background): “Recently, Caleon and Subramaniam ( 2010a , 2010b ) reported on their use of a concept inventory which included a confidence tier.”