Important antinutrients in plant feedstuffs for aquaculture: an update on recent findings regarding responses in salmonids

By Å. Krogdahl, M. Penn, Jim Thorsen, S. Refstie, A. Bakke. 2010

609 citations recorded by the source corpus.

AbstractThisreviewpresentsanoverviewofantinutritivefac-tors (ANFs) relevant for ¢sh nutrition.The sources ofANFs and the possibilities of reducing the impact ofANFs are brie£y mentioned. Proteinase inhibitors,lectins, saponins and oligosaccharides are given amore thorough presentation regarding mechanismsofactionandthestateof knowledgeregardingeiectson gut function in ¢sh and upper safe dietary levels.Thereafter, selected results from recent works ad-dressing the involvement of T cells and proteinase-activated receptors in soybean-induced enteritis aresummarized. Our conclusions are as follows: we areonlybeginning tounderstandeiects of ANFs in ¢sh;strengthening of the knowledge base is urgentlyneeded to understand the eiects and to ¢nd themeans to overcome or modify these eiects; interac-tions between the eiects of ANFs appear to be veryimportant; the microbiota may modify the eiects ofANFs; not only salmonids are aiected; not only soy-beans contain ANFs of biological importance in ¢sh;andwithincreasedknowledge,wecandevelopbetterdiets for optimal nutrition, health and economy inaquaculture.Keywords: ¢sh,antinutrients,digestivephysiology,immunology,guthealthIntroductionNature has equipped many plants with the ability tosynthesize avarietyof chemical substances withtheapparentfunctionofprotectingthemfrombecomingfood for microbes, insects and higher animals. Con-sequently, many of these compounds may exertharmful eiects when ingested by humans and ani-mals. Such substances are often called antinutritivefactors (ANFs), although they may also have bene¢-cial eiects, such as being antioxidative, immunosti-mulatory or prebiotic, depending on the amountingested.Possibleharmfuleiectsincludereducedpa-latability,lesse⁄cientutilizationoffeednutrientsforgrowth,alterednutrientbalancesofthediets,inhibi-tion of growth, intestinal dysfunction, altered gutmicro£ora, immune modulation, goitrogenesis, pan-creatic hypertrophy, hypoglycaemia or liver damage.The species of animal, its age, size, gender, state ofhealth and plane of nutrition and any stress factorsmaymodifytheseresponses.Inhistextbookontoxicconstituentsofplantfoods,Liener (1980) wrote the following:‘What has only re-cently been realized is that althoughthere might notbe an immediate violent reaction to a certain foodcomponentthere might still beaslowcumulativead-verse eiect resulting in overt disease or less thanop-timal health. This poses a great challenge, sinceknowledge of these eiects is gained slowlyand withdi⁄culty, particularly if the causative principles re-main unidenti¢ed’. Liener’s statement is still validand relevant. During the last10^15 years, inclusionofplantfeedstuisin¢shfeedhasincreasedmarkedlyand consequently so has exposure toANFs. Antinu-tritivefactorsarenoveltomostcultivated¢shspecies,particularly carnivorous species. Fish nutritionistsshould keep in mind Liener’s warning that ‘there

Subfields: Aquatic Science, Immunology, Physiology

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Citations in the corpus

Effect of dietary components on the gut microbiota of aquatic animals. A never‐ending story? (2016, background): “During the last decade, numerous studies have investigated inclusion of antinutritional factors (ANFs) and genetically modified plants on general biological effects, growth, gut histology and immunology (Francis et al. 2001; Gatlin et al. 2007; Krogdahl et al. 2010; Sissener et al. 2011).”
The effect of supplementation with polysaccharides, nucleotides, acidifiers and Bacillus strains in fish meal and soy bean based diets on growth performance in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (2015, background): “…performance, feed utilization and fish health due to diminished palatability, EAA deficiency, reduced energy content, antinutritional factors and lower nutrient digestibility compared to fish meal (Bakke-McKellep and Refstie, 2008; Bonaldo et al., 2011; Francis et al., 2001; Krogdahl et al., 2010).”
Replacing fishmeal with blends of alternative proteins on growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and early or late stage juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (2012, background): “Generally, levels of plant meals in salmon and trout feed formulations are limited in salmon and trout formulations by their composition (relatively low crude protein and high crude fiber content) and by the presence of anti-nutritional factors and nonsoluble carbohydrates (Krogdahl et al., 2009; Li”
High level of dietary pea protein concentrate induces enteropathy in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) (2011, background): “Fibres, saponins, phytosterols and estrogens, and lipase inhibitors are examples (Krogdahl et al., 2010).”
Demand and supply of feed ingredients for farmed fish and crustaceans : trends and prospects (2011, background): “…choice and selection are based upon a combination of local market availability and cost (Figure 40), and the nutritional profile (including antinutrient content and level) of the protein meal and/or plant oil in question (Davis and Sookying, 2009; Gatlin et al., 2007; Krogdahl et al., 2010).”
The Gut Microbiota of Marine Fish (2018, neutral): “…ingredients, changes in gut microbiota composition and intestinal disorders are recognised, concerted eﬀorts are being made to reduce the negative impacts of these ingredients, often through supplementation and further modiﬁcation of the compound diets (Barrows et al., 2008; Krogdahl et al., 2010).”