Interpersonal Distance in Immersive Virtual Environments

By Jeremy N. Bailenson, J. Blascovich, Andrew C. Beall, Jack M. Loomis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2003

822 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology, Human-Computer Interaction

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/35aa24b141a401fefbd5f5c4fa307dc6f7c6f772

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Cognitive Neuroscience

In Social Psychology

In Human-Computer Interaction

Citations in the corpus

Influences on proxemic behaviors in human-robot interaction (2009, background): “adjust their proxemic behaviors to virtual people (e.g., avatars and virtual agents) as they do with regular people in the physical world [3].”
The Proteus Effect: The Effect of Transformed Self-Representation on Behavior (2007, background): “The effect size in the current study—interpersonal distances changes of almost a meter—are quite large, much more so than effects found in previous studies on interpersonal distance (Bailenson et al., 2003), which were less than 15 cm.”
From Proxemics Theory to Socially-Aware Navigation: A Survey (2014, background): “It seems that this theory is maintained even in virtual environments [7,8].”
Virtual Self-Modeling: The Effects of Vicarious Reinforcement and Identification on Exercise Behaviors (2009, methodology): “The purpose of the distractor task, derived from previous IVET studies ( Bailenson, Blascovich, Beall, & Loomis, 2003 ), was to keep the participant visually attended to the virtual human as well as to mask the experimental manipulation.”
Virtual Humans and Persuasion: The Effects of Agency and Behavioral Realism (2007, methodology): “Bailenson, Blascovich, Beall, and Loomis (2003) conducted studies examining interpersonal distance in IVEs.”
The Independent and Interactive Effects of Embodied-Agent Appearance and Behavior on Self-Report, Cognitive, and Behavioral Markers of Copresence in Immersive Virtual Environments (2005, background): “Previous research has demonstrated that willingness to perform embarrassing acts in front of a virtual representation is a worthy measure of that representation’s degree of social influence (Bailenson et al., 2003).”
Avatars Versus Agents: A Meta-Analysis Quantifying the Effect of Agency on Social Influence (2015, background): “Bailenson et al. (2003) found that participants maintained greater personal space with an allegedly human-controlled avatar than with a computer-controlled agent.”
Just a Game? Unjustified Virtual Violence Produces Guilt in Empathetic Players (2010, background): “Bailenson et al. (2003) argue that users respond to real and virtual settings in a similar way only in terms of their automatic responses, yet distinguish between real and virtual settings when utilizing consciously controlled processes.”
Proxemic behaviors as predictors of aggression towards Black (but not White) males in an immersive virtual environment (2009, background): “For example, Bailenson and colleagues (Bailenson, Blascovich, Beall, & Loomis, 2003 ) successfully used interpersonal distance measures to examine social influence within IVEs.”
Merging second-person and first-person neuroscience (2013, neutral): “However, it is only recently that the advent of sophisticated capture devices for gaze, facial expressions, and body movement, as well as real time animation tools, allow for full character control in the framework of truly interactive research paradigms (Bailenson et al. 2003; Bente et al. 2008b).”
The Use of Immersive Virtual Reality in the Learning Sciences: Digital Transformations of Teachers, Students, and Social Context (2008, background): “Attempts at capturing the subjective experience of presence in an objective manner have proceeded along several different lines, including questionnaire ratings (Heeter, 1992; Held & Durlach, 1992; Short, Williams, & Christie, 1976; Witmer & Singer, 1998), physiological measures (Meehan, 2001), and ”
Immersion and the illusion of presence in virtual reality. (2018, background): “For example, Pan and Hamilton (2018) discuss a recent proxemics study (McCall & Singer, 2015), research that has a long history, for example (Bailenson, Blascovich, Beall, & Loomis, 2003).”