Do Not Cross Me: Optimizing the Use of Cross-Sectional Designs

By Paul E. Spector. Journal of business and psychology, 2019

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When and how health‐oriented leadership relates to employee well‐being—The role of expectations, self‐care, and LMX (2021, methodology): “First, we conducted a field study (Study 1) to explore our research questions (Spector, 2019).”
Meaningful Work, Job Resources, and Employee Engagement (2021, background): “However, self-report data are generally regarded as an appropriate measure of employee perceptions [83,84], and for the current case, it would be difficult to accurately assess employee perceptions of work engagement and work meaningfulness using objective measures.”
“To work, or not to work, that is the question” – Recent trends and avenues for research on presenteeism (2020, background): “While we acknowledged that – given a specific research goal – cross-sectional data can be useful (Spector, 2019), espe-”
Soft skills, do we know what we are talking about? (2021, background): “These optimizations include, for instance, incorporating time and different sources into measurement strategies (Spector 2019).”
The effects of distributed leadership on teacher professional learning: mediating roles of teacher trust in principal and teacher motivation (2020, methodology): “Second, our study used a cross-sectional survey design, which means we are unable to provide evidence for causal relationships among the study variables (Spector 2019).”