The F-PEC Scale of Family Influence: A Proposal for Solving the Family Business Definition Problem1

By J. Astrachan, Sabine Klein, Kosmas X. Smyrnios. 2002

1,239 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Accounting, Management of Technology and Innovation, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/de4e90d23d6cb5766e18868314c6c0ae77cecfb3

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Citations in the corpus

Family Orientation: Individual-Level Influences on Family Firm Outcomes (2008, background): “…the F-PEC scale of family influence, which was developed in part to obviate the problem of identifying whether a company is or is not a family firm (Astrachan et al., 2002; Klein et al., 2005), assesses family influence using three dimensions: power, experience, and culture (hence the name…”
The Family Innovator's Dilemma: How Family Influence Affects the Adoption of Discontinuous Technologies by Incumbent Firms (2013, background): “…for it allows us to differentiate among various levels of family influence within family-owned businesses and also to include non-family-owned businesses, thereby avoiding the oversimplistic dichotomous differentiation between “family firms” and “nonfamily firms” (Astrachan et al., 2002).”
Family Management, Family Ownership, and Downsizing: Evidence from S&P 500 Firms: (2008, neutral): “There is a consensus in the family business literature that a family can influence a firm in various ways (Astrachan et al., 2002; Villalonga & Amit, 2006).”
Innovativeness in family firms: a family influence perspective (2010, methodology): “Rather, this multidimensional view is aimed at assessing the degree of family influence and involvement that an owning family wields over a business ( Astrachan et al. 2002 ).”
Driving factors of innovation in family and non-family SMEs (2018, background): “In general, a variety of indicators are used in research literature to measure family involvement in firms (Astrachan et al. 2002; Zahra et al. 2007; Villalonga and Amit 2006).”
Family firm research: sketching a research field (2011, background): “The resulting ‘F-PEC scale’ measures the family influence on power, experience and culture within a firm (Astrachan et al., 2002; Klein et al., 2005).”
Financial Structure of the Family Business: Evidence From a Group of Small Spanish Firms (2007, background): “Later on, Astrachan, Klein, and Smyrnion (2002) introduced the F-PEC index of family influence, which is based on three subscales—power, experience, and culture.”
Non solus: Toward a psychology of family business (2010, background): “…of this research, a family business is defined as an organization where a family (or several families) has effective control over the strategic direction of the business, and where the business, in turn, makes important contributions to that family’s wealth and identity (Astrachan et al., 2002).”
Chinese Private Firms and Internationalization (2014, neutral): “However, it is often difficult to distinguish family from non-family enterprises: “Artificially dichotomizing family versus non-family firms when no such clear-cut dichotomy exists creates more problems than it attempts to solve” (Astrachan et al., 2002, p. 46).”
Over 100 Years of Age But Still Entrepreneurially Active in Business: Exploring the Values and Family Characteristics of Old Finnish Family Firms (2002, background): “Astrachan, Klein, and Smyrnios (2002) introduce a new conceptual model called the FPEC scale, which offers an excellent common ground or platform for sharpening family business definitions.”