Educators' Use of Cognitively Challenging Questions in Economically Disadvantaged Preschool Classroom Contexts

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Teacher question and student response with regard to cognition and language use (2012, background): “They are particularly amenable to engaging children in extended cognitively challenging conversations (Massey et al. 2008).”
Synthesis of IES Research on Early Intervention and Early Childhood Education. NCSER 2013-3001. (2013, unknown): “36 Burchinal et al. (2010); Mashburn et al. (2008); Massey et al. (2008); Pence, Justice, and Wiggins (2008).”
Preschoolers' Exposure to Language Stimulation in Classrooms Serving At-Risk Children: The Contribution of Group Size and Activity Context (2009, background): “Recent work by Gest et al. (2006) found no appreciable differences in the rate of child-directed talk in 17 Head Start classrooms when comparing lead and assistant teachers; similarly, Massey, Pence, Justice, and Bowles (2008) found that lead teachers and assistant teachers use decontextualized ”
Interactive Read-Alouds—An Avenue for Enhancing Children’s Language for Thinking and Understanding: A Review of Recent Research (2013, background): “Even when read-alouds are included, researchers (Justice et al. 2008; Kindle 2011; Massey et al. 2008)”