HOW SCIENTISTS REALLY REASON: SCIENTIFIC REASONING IN REAL-WORLD LABORATORIES

By Kevin Dunbar. 1995

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Explanation in Human-AI Systems: A Literature Meta-Review, Synopsis of Key Ideas and Publications, and Bibliography for Explainable AI (2019, neutral): “Other relevant scholarship in this domain: (Brodbeck, 1962; Dunbar, 1995; Eberle, Kaplan, and Montague, 1961; Feigl and Maxwell, 1962; Ginet, 2008; Giordano and Schwind, 2004; Eberle, Kaplan, and Montague, 1961; Hankinson, 2001; Harman, 1965; Hempel and Oppenheim, 1948; Hospers, 1946; Hume, 1748;…”
Selection, Constraints, and Creativity Case Studies: Max Beckmann and Philip Guston (2005, unknown): “This Laboratory Intellectual Engagement, an engagement that may in part be created by high achieving scientists, in turn, contributes to career achievement (Dunbar, 1995).”
Bootstrapping the Mind: Analogical Processes and Symbol Systems (2010, background): “However, true restructuring almost certainly requires more other processes in addition to analogy (Dunbar, 1995).”
Comparing the Attributes, Activities, and Performance of Divergent, Convergent, and Combination Thinkers (2001, methodology): “They created local analogies to solve method problems by recalling past tasks, used more distant analogies to spot knowledge gaps by mapping full knowledge of one thing onto incomplete knowledge of another, and drew analogies from remote domains to communicate their ideas (Dunbar, 1995).”
Supporting Argumentation Through Students' Questions: Case Studies in Science Classrooms (2010, background): “Furthermore, Dunbar’s (1995) study of how scientists really reason led to the conclusion that “Question answering was a potent mechanism to induce conceptual change .”
A Matter of Learning: How Human Resources Affect Organizational Performance (2010, unknown): “This can be explained because they are more risk-averse and have less innovative potential (Dunbar, 1995; Sauermann and Cohen, 2008).”
Diversity is strategy: the effect of R&D team diversity on innovative performance (2017, unknown): “Since innovation is an iterative process (Lundvall, 1988), which requires diverse knowledge bases among those involved in creativity and innovation, knowledge diversity should generally positively affect firm innovation performance (Dunbar, 1995, Dunbar, 1997).”
Opportunity Evaluation as Rule‐Based Decision Making (2014, background): “…other words, those with opportunity-related knowledge are better able to develop richer conceptualizations of the potential of the opportunity, have more refined mental templates (Krueger, 2007), and may be better able to envision the effects and likelihood of the downside outcomes (Dunbar, 1995).”
Scientific Thinking and Reasoning (2012, background): “A recent development has been to investigate scientists as they reason “live” (in vivo studies of scientific thinking) in their own laboratories (Dunbar, 1995 , 2002).”
A "Small-World" Network Model of Cognitive Insight (2005, background): “…1986), and detailed examination of historical accounts of some of the discoveries of great minds such as Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, and Sir Isaac Newton (Csikszentmihalyi & Sawyer, 1995; Dunbar, 1995; Gruber, 1995; Ippolito & Tweney, 1995; Isaak & Just, 1995; Simonton, 1995, 1999a, 1999b).”
"Doing the Lesson" or "Doing Science": Argument in High School Genetics (2000, background): “Conseqüentemente, os estudos dos discursos "da ciência na criação" revelam que muitas estratégias de argumentação dialética são usadas em adição aos argumentos analíticos (Dunbar, 1995; Latour e Woolgar,1979; Longino, 1994). Similarmente, a pesquisa em sociologia da ciência (Collins e Pinch,1994) ta”
Flawed Self-Assessment (2004, unknown): “One study that compared successful and unsuccessfulmicrobiology labs found that successful labs,wheremany scientific breakthroughs occurred, placed more emphasis on group lab meetings in which researchers were forced to answer the questions of their interested but skeptical peers from diverse areas ”
Relational Reasoning and Its Manifestations in the Educational Context: a Systematic Review of the Literature (2013, methodology): “This naturalistic observation method, termed in vivo research, was first popularized by Dunbar (1995) and has been shown to be effective at capturing relational reasoning happening in the minds of scientists.”
The material features of multiple representations and their cognitive and social affordances for science understanding (2003, background): “As Dunbar (1997) points out, scientists studied in the cognitive laboratory are often given contrived tasks of a brief duration, rather than authentic, complex, extended scientific problems.”
Creativity at the Knowledge Frontier: The Impact of Specialization in Fast- and Slow-paced Domains* (2018, background): “Moreover, access to diverse knowledge domains is likely to make creative workers more flexible in their problem-solving approaches, allowing them to use a broader repertoire of perspectives and heuristics in their work (Dunbar, 1995).”
Discipline-Based Education Research: Understanding and Improving Learning in Undergraduate Science and Engineering. (2012, background): “, 2004); allow them to experience the social dimensions of the work of science and engineering (Dunbar, 1995); and begin the long process of induction into science and engineering by involving them in a community of practice that shares goals, values, assumptions, and methods (Mogk and Goodwin, 2012”