Categorization and Naming in Children: Problems of Induction

By Ellen M. Markman. 1989

Subfields: Cognitive Science & Psychology

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Data-Efficient Image Recognition with Contrastive Predictive Coding (2019, background): “In contrast, humans and animals can learn about new classes of images from a small number of examples (Landau et al., 1988; Markman, 1989).”
Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning (2022, background): “One key aspect of intelligence is the ability to quickly learn to perform a new task given a short instruction [33, 70].”
Rapid Word Learning in 13- and 18-Month-Olds. (1994, background): “These constraints limit the hypotheses to be considered when the child is confronted with a new word (Markman, 1989).”
Where Hypotheses Come From: Learning New Relations by Structural Alignment (2010, unknown): “Markman, 1989 ), enabling us to test whether comparison can result in significant shift toward relational interpretation; and 2) the challenge of learning relational nouns (such as “gift,” “uncle,” or “taxi”) is one that children increasingly face beginning in the preschool years.”
Determinants of Gender Essentialism in College Students (2008, methodology): “CFNI Conformity to Feminine Norms, CMNI Conformity to Masculine Norms *p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001 than other forms of speech to refer to categories that are treated as more stable and inference-promoting (Gelman and Heyman 1999; Markman 1989; Reynaert and Gelman 2007; Walton and Banaji 2004).”
Domain-Specific Knowledge Systems in the Brain: The Animate-Inanimate Distinction (1998, background): “…(1) the properties that deªne an object (e.g., dog, chair, etc.) are highly intercorrelated, and (2) members of a superordinate category share many features in common (S. Gelman & Coley, 1990; Keil, 1989; Markman, 1989; Rosch, 1973, 1975; Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, & Boyes-Braem, 1976).”
Why verbs are hard to learn (2006, background): “Further, children appear to take novel words as names for objects (Landau, Smith, & Jones, 1998; Markman, 1989, 1990; Waxman, 1991; Waxman & Hall, 1993), even as early as 13 months of age (Waxman & Markow, 1995).”
The faculty of language: what's special about it? (2005, unknown): “Behrend and collaborators (Behrend, Scofield, & Kleinknecht, 2001; Scofield & Behrend, 2003), refining a phenomenon discovered by Markman (1989) , showed that two-year-old children assign a novel word to an object they are unfamiliar with rather than to one they are familiar with (presumably a cons”
Word learning as Bayesian inference. (2007, background): “These inferences may provide one means by which people can acquire words for concepts at multiple levels of an object-kind hierarchy (subordinate, basic, and superordinate)— traditionally considered a critical challenge of early word learning (e.g., Markman, 1989; Waxman, 1990).”
Analyzing developmental trajectories of distinct but related behaviors: a group-based method. (2001, background): “Examples include theories of personality development (Caspi, 1998), drug use (Kandel, 1975), learning (Holyoak & Spellman, 1993), language and conceptual development (Markman, 1989), development of prosocial behaviors such as altruism, and development of antisocial behaviors such as delinquency (Loe”
LEARNERS’ UNDERSTANDING OF THE DEFINITIONS AND HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF QUADRILATERALS: TOWARDS A THEORETICAL FRAMING (2007, background): “Such difficulties, as Erez and Yerushalmy (2006, p. 272) explain (following the work of Markman, 1991), are related to the complexities in learning to analyse the attributes of different quadrilaterals and to distinguish between critical and non-critical attributes of different ones such that…”
Typicality and Object Reference (2013, background): “Further complications may arise when there is competition over whether to use a prenominal modifier (“the flower-shaped bowl”) or a postnominal modifier (“the bowl that looks a bit like a flower”).”
Looks Aren't Everything: 24-Month-Olds' Willingness to Accept Unexpected Labels (2007, background): “For example, Banigan and Mervis (1988) found that 24-month-olds rarely reclassifiedamiscategorizedobjecton thebasisofmerelyhearing it referred towithan unexpected label.”
Human Learning in Atari (2017, background): “…Csibra 2008; Kiley Hamlin et al. 2013), and that humans have the capacity to rapidly acquire new concepts (Carey 1978; Landau, Smith, and Jones 1988; Markman 1989; Bloom 2000; Xu and Tenenbaum 2007; Lake, Salakhutdinov, and Tenenbaum 2015) and build intuitive theories (Murphy and Medin 1985;…”
How to build a baby: II. Conceptual primitives. (1992, background): “Even to learn names, it has been thought necessary to propose that children have a bias to assume that labels refer to whole objects rather than to object parts (Markman, 1989; Quine, 1960).”
Infants' ability to draw inferences about nonobvious object properties: evidence from exploratory play. (1993, background): “In particular, induction is critically involved in the formation, structure, and deployment of conceptual knowledge (e.g., Carey, 1985; Gelman, 1984, 1988; Keil, 1989; Markman, 1989; Murphy & Medin, 1985; Rips, 1975, 1989).”
Learning Semantic Image Representations at a Large Scale (2014, background): “It has been shown that the ImageNet/WordNet hierarchy [38] well models the semantic relations in a psychologically justified tree structure [81], and previous cognitive science has shown promising results in identifying latent concepts (semantically related sets from the universe of objects) for hum”