Primary Grade Teachers' Theoretical Orientations Concerning Writing Instruction: Construct Validation and a Nationwide Survey

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Almost 30 Years of Writing Research: Making Sense of it All with The Wrath of Khan (2009, background): “For example, primary grade teachers’ efﬁcacy for teaching writing (Graham, Harris, Fink, & MacArthur, 2001) and their beliefs about writing instruction (Graham, Harris, Fink, & MacArthur, 2002) predict how they teach students’ to write.”
The Process Writing Approach: A Meta-analysis (2011, background): “Perhaps the greatest experimentation takes place in schools, where more teachers combine process writing and traditional skills instruction together than just teach the process writing approach alone (Cutler & Graham, 2008 ; Graham, Harris, Fink, & MacArthur, 2002 ).”
Primary Grade Writing Instruction: A National Survey. (2008, background): “This was the case when the teachers of young children reported how they taught the related skill of reading (see Baumann, Hoffman, Moon, & Duffy-Hester, 1998), described their beliefs about writing instruction (Graham et al., 2002), and indicated how they taught writing (Graham et al., 2003).”
Teaching Writing in Primary Education: Classroom Practice, Time, Teachers’ Beliefs and Skills (2018, methodology): “In line with Graham et al. (2002), we focused on three orientations toward writing instruction: (a) Correct writing, which is related to how much emphasis teachers place on correctness in students’ writing, and is based on a form focused approach to language education, (b) Explicit instruction,…”