Mental Models: Theory and Application in Human Factors

By John R. Wilson, Andrew Rutherford. 1989

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Explanation in Human-AI Systems: A Literature Meta-Review, Synopsis of Key Ideas and Publications, and Bibliography for Explainable AI (2019, neutral): “…Grove, and Jentsch, 2011; Rouse and Morris, 1986; St-Cyr. and Burns, 2002; Wilkison, Fisk, and Rogers, 2007; Williams, Hollan, and Stevens, 1983; Wilson and Rutherford, 1989; Young, 2014; Zachary and Eggleston, 2002; Zhang and Wickens, 1987; Zovod, Rickert, and Brown, 2002 ) Especially…”
The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. (2000, methodology): “The term mental model has been used as an explanatory mechanism in a variety of disciplines over the years (see Wilson & Rutherford, 1989 ).”
Theoretical Underpinnings of Situation Awareness, A Critical Review (2000, background): “The problems involved in building good computer and analytic models of mental models have been well aired ( Wilson & Rutherford, 1989 ).”
Student Learning in Business Simulation: An Empirical Investigation (2010, background): “A mental model represents an individual's knowledge structure of a specific domain ( Carley & Palmquist, 1992 ; Lyles & Schwenk, 1992 ; Wilson & Rutherford, 1989 ).”
How Incorporating Feedback Mechanisms in a DSS Affects DSS Evaluations (2009, unknown): “We first present a conceptual framework explaining why the gap between the user's mental model and the DSS model influences experiences and current observations, which provide the framework for how that decision maker performs the task (Wilson and Rutherford 1989, Lim et al. 1997).”
Interactive Effects of Team and Task Shared Mental Models as Related to Air Traffic Controllers' Collective Efficacy and Effectiveness (2009, background): “For many years, the theoretical literature on SMMs has maintained that teams hold multiple mental models ( Cannon-Bowers, Salas, & Converse, 1993 ; Wilson & Rutherford, 1989 ).”
Effects of Mental Model Quality on Collaborative System Performance (2007, background): “46 As Wilson and Rutherford (1989) put it, “There is, perhaps, a desire to apply it (mental models) to a whole range of issues even before we know if it has utility as an explanation of mind and behavior” (p.”
MENTAL MODELS IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION (2010, background): “Gentner and Gentner (1983) studied naive subjects' deep inferencing based on different analogies of a target domain.”
Understanding Is Key: An Analysis of Factors Pertaining to Trust in a Real-World Automation System (2018, background): “It is the ability to develop an accurate mental model (see Wilson & Rutherford, 1989, for a description of mental models) that the operator can use to understand and accurately predict future behavior of the system that facilitates trust (Madsen & Gregor, 2000; Muir & Moray, 1996; Sheridan, 1999).”
Towards a dynamic balance between humans and automation: authority, ability, responsibility and control in shared and cooperative control situations (2012, background): “Summarizing several definitions of mental models, Wilson and Rutherford (1989) stated that a mental model can be seen as ''a representation formed by a user of a system and/ or a task based on previous experience as well as current observation, which provides most (if not all) of their subsequent…”
Situation Awareness: Review of Mica Endsley's 1995 Articles on Situation Awareness Theory and Measurement (2008, background): “Finally, one of the most critical elements for Level 3 prediction is the mental model (Gentner & Stevens, 1983; Wilson & Rutherford, 1989), an agent that, in dynamic systems, can be “run” based on the perceived environmental inputs to project future outputs (Wickens, Gempler, & Morphew, 2000).”
Alliance management teams and entrainment: Sharing temporal mental models (2006, background): “A ‘mental model’ is a system’s organized knowledge structure that allows participants to explain and predict system behavior and which aids effective interaction among involved parties (Marks et al., 2002; Wilson & Rutherford, 1989).”
Team Mental Models: Techniques, Methods, and Analytic Approaches (2000, background): “Individuals represent knowledge about their environment in the form of mental models (Hanisch, Kramer, & Hulin, 1991; Johnson-Laird, 1983; Wilson & Rutherford, 1989).”
Team Effectiveness 1997-2007: A Review of Recent Advancements and a Glimpse Into the Future (2008, background): “Early theoretical work within the SMM literature suggested that teams hold multiple mental models simultaneously (e.g., Klimoski & Mohammed, 1994; Wilson & Rutherford, 1989).”
Mental models: an interdisciplinary synthesis of theory and methods (2011, background): “…are typically analogous representations, a discrepancy exists over where in the mind mental models are hypothetically located: working memory (Johnson-Laird 1983, Wilson and Rutherford 1989, Vosniaudou 1994), long-term memory (Craik 1943, Bainbridge 1991, Moray 2004), or both (Nersessian 2002).”