Methods for Second Order Meta-Analysis and Illustrative Applications

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Have We Progressed Marketing Knowledge? A Meta-Meta-Analysis of Effect Sizes in Marketing Research (2015, methodology): “By relying on large samples and repeated tests, meta-analysis averages out sampling error deviations from correct values and can correct mean values for distortions due to measurement error and other artifacts (Schmidt 1992).”
A meta-analysis of the relations between personality and workplace deviance: Big Five versus HEXACO (2019, methodology): “These moderator analyses for the HEXACO included a relatively small number of studies ( k = 2–5), and therefore had low statistical power to detect significant relations and might have been influenced by second order sampling error (Schmidt & Oh, 2013).”
The Effectiveness of Advertising: A Meta-Meta-Analysis of Advertising Inputs and Outcomes (2016, methodology): “Themethod used for a second-order meta-analyses is a straightforward generalization of first-order meta-analysis methods to the analysis of mean effect size estimates (i.e., meta-analytic effect sizes) across multiple meta-analyses (Schmidt and Oh 2013).”
A Meta-Analysis Integrating 25 Years of Diversity Climate Research (2020, background): “…noted that meta-analytic results (in particular, true standard deviation estimates) based on smaller numbers of studies (e.g., k < 5) are more subject to second order sampling error (sampling error still left even after removing first-order sampling error; see Schmidt & Oh, 2013 for more details).”