Mechanism of Action of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil on Staphylococcus aureus Determined by Time-Kill, Lysis, Leakage, and Salt Tolerance Assays and Electron Microscopy

By C. Carson, B. Mee, T. Riley. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2002

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Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Ferulic and Gallic Acids Against Pathogenic Bacteria (2013, positive): “13 marked leakage of cytoplasmic material is considered indicative of gross and irreversible cytoplasmic membrane damage.”
A review of plant-derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production (2008, background): “Given that EO comprise a large number of components, it is most likely that their antibacterial activity is not due to one specific mode of action but involves several targets in the bacterial cell (Skandamis et al., 2001; Carson et al., 2002; Burt, 2004).”
Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods--a review. (2004, background): “Leakage of ions and other cell contents can then occur (Oosterhaven et al., 1995; Gustafson et al., 1998; Helander et al., 1998; Cox et al., 2000; Lambert et al., 2001; Skandamis et al., 2001; Carson et al., 2002; Ultee et al., 2002).”
Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria (2013, background): “are involved [70] at multiple sites within the cell and on the cell surface.”
Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: a Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties (2006, background): “aureus cells to sodium chloride (34) and produced morphological changes apparent under electron microscopy (127).”