Connecting learning objects to instructional design theory: A definition, a metaphor, and a taxonomy

By David Wiley. 2000

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Theory and practice of online learning (2005, background): “The Semantic Web also supports the reuse and adaptation of content by supporting the construction, distribution, and dissemination of digitized content that is formatted and formally described (Wiley, 2000; Downes, 2000).”
Teaching In An Online Learning Context (2004, background): “Activities in this category of teaching presence include building encapsulated and formally described using metadata and often referred to as “learning objects” (Wiley, 2000; McGreal, 2004).”
An Argument for Clarity: What are Learning Management Systems, What are They Not, and What Should They Become? (2007, background): “…contexts, generativity (integrating LOs to generate new instruction), adaptability to meet the needs of individual learners, and scalability to meet the needs of both larger and smaller audiences without significant changes in cost (Gibbons, Nelson, & Richards, 2002; Hodgins, 2002; Wiley, 2002).”