Revising the Redundancy Principle in Multimedia Learning.

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Multimedia Teaching with Video Clips: TV, Movies, YouTube, and mtvU in the College Classroom (2009, methodology): “Click a PowerPoint slide that says: Commercial Break .”
Effective Educational Videos: Principles and Guidelines for Maximizing Student Learning from Video Content (2016, background): “For example, signaling may be provided by the appearance of two or three key words (Mayer and Johnson, 2008; Ibrahim et al., 2012), a change in color or contrast (deKoning et al., 2009), or a symbol that draws attention to a region of a screen (e.g., an arrow; deKoning et al., 2009).”
The Signaling (or Cueing) Principle in Multimedia Learning (2014, unknown): “…result in a redundancy effect (see Chapters 14 and 16) and hampers learning, emphasizing only main ideas from a narrated text by presenting them on-screen in writing, seems to have bene ﬁ cial effects on learning (Mayer & Johnson, 2008), which can be explained by the signaling or cueing principle.”
Handbook of Research on Learning and Instruction (2011, background): “The first instrument recorded children’s passing decisions and passing-skill execution, while the second captured cutting or off the ball actions and catching-skill execution.”