New Evidence on Sex Segregation and Sex Differences in Wages from Matched Employee‐Employer Data

By Kimberly Bayard, J. Hellerstein, David Neumark, Kenneth R. Troske. Journal of Labor Economics, 2003

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We use new matched employer‐employee data to estimate the contributions of sex segregation and wage differences by sex within occupation, industry, establishment, and occupation‐establishment cells to the overall sex gap in wages. In contrast to earlier data used to study this question, our data cover all industries and occupations across all regions of the United States. We find that segregation of women into lower‐paying occupations, industries, establishments, and occupations within establishments accounts for a sizable fraction of the sex gap in wages. Nonetheless, approximately one‐half of the sex gap in wages remains attributable to the individual’s sex.

Subfields: Economics and Econometrics, Gender Studies, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a35cc2e85aac7a725ee1b51313597cb0bf89d028

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Citations in the corpus

Education, Occupation and Career Expectations: Determinants of the Gender Pay Gap for UK Graduates. CEE DP 69. (2006, unknown): “Bayard et al. (2003), using US data, estimate that the proportion of women in a given occupation has a small contribution to the gender wage gap (5% in their full model) but that gender segregation at the establishment and at the job cell level contribute 15% each.”
Understanding International Differences in the Gender Pay Gap (2001, background): “First, in the United States, a significant portion of the male-female pay gap is associated with interindustry or interfirm wage differentials that result from its relatively decentralized pay setting institutions (e.g., Blau 1977; Sorensen 1990; Groshen 1991; Bayard et al. 1999).”
Mechanisms of Inequality: Unequal Access to Organizational Power and the Gender Wage Gap (2003, methodology): “Mechanisms of inequality 4 of sex segregation and racial segregation at the establishment level (Carrington and Troske 1998, Bayard et al. 1999). However, to the best of our knowledge, multi-worker and multi-establishment data sets have not yet been used for exploring the role of organizational deci”
The Opportunity Structure for Discrimination1 (2004, background): “12 One careful and extensive study claims this is incorrect, reporting instead wage gaps at the occupation-establishment level of about 12% (Bayard et al. 1999).”
Labour segregation and immigrant and native-born wage distributions in Spain: an analysis using matched employer–employee data (2008, background): “…evidence that a relatively high proportion of either women or racial minorities in a firm depresses the relative wages of all workers in that firm (Bayard et al., 2003 and Hirsch and Macpherson, 2004) leads to the question: is the same effect also to be found in Spain in the case of immigrant…”
Gender Segregation in Occupations: The Role of Tipping and Social Interactions (2015, background): “…segregation evolved historically may allow us to better understand why occupational segregation persists today, an observation which has been shown to be important for explaining wage differentials between men and women (Groshen, 1991, Hirsch and Macpherson, 1995, Bayard et al, 2003).”
Female-Led Firms and Gender Wage Policies (2010, background): “Carrington and Troske (1995) and Bayard et al. (2003) showed that the concentration of women into lower-paying establishments in the United States contributes to the gender pay gap.”
Gender segregation in the labour market : root causes, implications and policy responses in the EU (2009, background): “Bayard et al. (2003) estimated that the effect of segregation among occupations, establishments, and industries explains around one third of the net wage gap in the USA, whilst within-occupation differences in wages between male and female workers account for between one fourth and one half of the o”