Mathematical Proficiency for All Students: Toward a Strategic Research and Development Program in Mathematics Education

By Rand Mathematics Study Panel, Deborah Loewenberg Ball. 2002

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Connections Between Generalizing and Justifying: Students' Reasoning with Linear Relationships (2007, background): “Researchers have argued that students should develop general connections early as a foundation for algebraic understanding (RAND Mathematics Study Panel, 2002; Steffe & Izsak, 2002), which has led to a wealth of studies focused on the promotion of generalizing activities (Blanton & Kaput, 2000, 2002”
Why and how mathematicians read proofs: further evidence from a survey study (2014, background): “…engage in justification and argumentation activities in a manner that is consistent with how mathematicians perform these activities (Moschkovich, 2002; Harel & Sowder, 2007; RAND Mathematics Study Panel, 2003), calling for more empirical research to be conducted on expert mathematical practices.”
The Effects of Peer–Mediated Instruction in Mathematics for Students with Learning Problems: A Research Synthesis (2007, background): “It is important to note that none of the studies included algebra as the mathematics content even though it is considered a “gatekeeper course” (Rand Mathematics Study Panel, 2003).”
Recruiting and Retaining "Highly Qualified Teachers" for Hard-to-Staff Schools (2004, background): “ence (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999), the teaching of reading (Allington, 2002; Palinscar, 1984), mathematics (Ball, 2003), student assessment (New-”