Optimism and Attributional Retraining: Longitudinal Effects on Academic Achievement, Test Anxiety, and Voluntary Course Withdrawal in College Students1

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Perceived Academic Control and Failure in College students: A Three-Year Study of Scholastic Attainment (2005, unknown): “, 1994) to more field-based demonstrations (Ruthig et al., 2004; Struthers & Perry, 1996).”
A Review of Attributional Retraining Treatments: Fostering Engagement and Persistence in Vulnerable College Students (2009, methodology): “Further, only the vulnerable, low-control students benefited from AR: Students displaying an adaptive profile of perceived control did not benefit from AR.”
ENHANCING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CONTROL IN ACHIEVEMENT SETTINGS THROUGH WRITING-BASED ATTRIBUTIONAL RETRAINING (2006, background): “…overly optimistic beliefs, infrequently use elaborative learning strategies, are performance–oriented, or have an external locus of control (Hall et al., 2004; Menec et al., 1994; Pelletier et al., 1999; Perry & Penner, 1990; Perry & Struthers, 1994; Ruthig et al., 2004; Struthers & Perry, 1996).”