Percentage of All Non-Overlapping Data (PAND)

By Richard I. Parker, Shanna Hagan-Burke, Kimberly J. Vannest. 2007

437 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Cognitive Neuroscience, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Management Science and Operations Research

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/74fe12d768e2ec1c08b1138ccc4c559796cdad9e

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Citations in the corpus

Effects of an Embedded Phonological Awareness Intervention During Repeated Book Reading on Preschool Children With Language Delays (2008, methodology): “PAND is an improvement over PND (Mastropieri & Scruggs, 1987) because it uses all data from both the baseline and experimental phases, rather than making judgments based on the highest and/or lowest data points in conditions (Parker et al., 2007; Parker & Hagen-Burke, 2007).”
A meta-analysis of single subject design writing intervention research. (2008, methodology): “For example, the parametric assumptions (normality, equal variance, and serial independence of data) underlying techniques such as the regression effect method are not commonly met in single subject design studies (PND is not bound by these parametric assumptions; see Parker et al., 2007).”
Effective Intervention for Behavior With a Daily Behavior Report Card: A Meta-Analysis (2010, methodology): “The result of digitizing is recreation of the original data points from line graphs; X-axis and Y-axis data values are recreated digitally, and saved into an Excel spreadsheet for analysis (see Parker et al., 2007, for a more detailed description of the process).”
Bottom-Up Analysis of Single-Case Research Designs (2012, critical): “PND has fundamental difficulties that we thoroughly discuss elsewhere (e.g., Parker et al. 2007) and cannot be used as an estimate of effect, but bottom-up approaches are also consistent with the concept of data nonoverlap that aligns with visual analyses and results in data that are proportional…”
Effect Size in Single-Case Research: A Review of Nine Nonoverlap Techniques (2011, methodology): “PND tends to correlate well with visual judgments (Parker et al., 2007) and is probably the easiest of all methods to calculate.”
The state of the science in the meta-analysis of single-case experimental designs (2008, methodology): “As part of that, we wrote SPSS® script to execute the PAND computation algorithm recommended in Parker, Hagan-Burke and Vannest ( 2007 ).”
Meta-Analysis of Acquisition and Fluency Math Interventions With Instructional and Frustration Level Skills: Evidence for a Skill-by-Treatment Interaction (2010, positive): “Percentage of all nonoverlapping data (PAND; Parker et al., 2007) is a nonparametric effect size that is based on Cohen’s (1988) description of the relationship between effect sizes and percentage of data that do not overlap.”
Mindfulness Training for Teachers Changes the Behavior of Their Preschool Students (2013, methodology): “Phi offers a numerical expression of the extent to which data during the baseline and practice (postintervention) phases overlap and was calculated based on procedures described by Parker and colleagues (e.g., Parker et al., 2007; Parker & Vannest, 2009).”
A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis of the Social Stories Literature (2011, neutral): “Alternatives to the PND have been pro posed, such as the percentage of all nonoverlapping data (PAND; Parker et al., 2007), computation of a regression based effect size (Allison & Gorman, 1993), and the Busk and Serlin (1992) assumption model for computing effect size.”
Academic Benefits of Peer Tutoring: A Meta-Analytic Review of Single-Case Research (2013, background): “They include percentage of nonoverlapping data (PND; Scruggs, Mastropieri, & Casto, 1987), percentage of all nonoverlapping data (PAND; Parker, HaganBurke, & Vannest, 2007), nonoverlap of all pairs (NAP; Parker, Vannest, & Brown, 2009), extended celeration line (ECL; White & Haring, 1980), improveme”