The DIBELS tests: Is speed of barking at print what we mean by reading fluency?

By S. Samuels. 2007

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Learning progress assessment and goal setting: Effects on reading achievement, reading motivation and reading self-concept (2014, unknown): “Based on the automaticity theory for guidance (LaBerge & Samuels, 1974), Samuels (2007) argued that readers must not only identify words but concurrently need to construct their meaning to comprehend text.”
How Can We Improve the Accuracy of Screening Instruments? (2009, background): “70 correlation with broader tests) and that teachers may narrow instruction inappropriately if they adopt ORF as their benchmark (Paris, 2005; Pearson, 2006; Samuels, 2007).”
Fluency Has a Role in the Simple View of Reading (2013, background): “However, the definition of reading fluency as automaticity is viewed as too narrow by some literacy researchers (Kuhn, Schwanenflugel, & Meisinger, 2010; Samuels, 2007).”
Ending the Reading Wars: Reading Acquisition From Novice to Expert (2018, background): “That is, instead of showing how a foundation of phonic knowledge permits a child to understand and gain experience with text, this imbalance has allowed a characterization of phonics as “barking at print” (reading aloud robotically without understanding) to continue among educationalists (e.g., Davi”