Gender differences in workplace bullying among prison officers

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Bullying is detrimental to health, but all bullying behaviours are not necessarily equally damaging (2004, background): “Still, in their study of bullying in Finnish prisons Vartia and Hyyti (2002) found no support for a claim that gender should act as predictors of stress among victims of bullying.”
Relationships between stressful work environments and bullying: Results of a large representative study (2007, background): “However, in contrast to previous studies investigating the incremental predictability of job stressors (i.e., Einarsen et al., 1994; Vartia, 1996; Vartia & Hyyti, 2002), the present study was able to explain large amounts of the variance in bullying.”
Workplace bullying in a group context (2004, background): “…Mikkelsen & Einarsen, 2002; Niedl, 1996) and the importance of organisational factors (Einarsen, 2000; Einarsen et al ., 1994; Seigne, 1998; Vartia, 1996; Vartia & Hyyti, 2002) and dispositional factors (Coyne et al ., 2000, 2003; Matthiesen & Einarsen, 2001; Zapf, 1999) as antecedents of bullying.”
What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research (2018, background): “Prevalence rates of bullying are also dependent upon demographical factors such as gender (Eriksen & Einarsen, 2004; Salin, 2003; Vartia & Hyyti, 2002) and occupation (Niedhammer, David, Degioanni, & 143 Occupational Physicians, 2007).”