Evaluation of Response to Intervention Practices for Elementary School Reading. NCEE 2016-4000.

By R. Balu, Pei Zhu, F. Doolittle, Ellen P. Schiller, J. Jenkins, R. Gersten. 2015

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Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Reading Interventions for Students in the Primary Grades (2020, methodology): “…conclude that the research base underlying reading interventions is sound and not the primary reason for the lack of impacts in the national RtI evaluation (Balu et al., 2015), which found null, or in one case negative, impacts on reading outcomes for students at or near the cut point on screening.”
How evidence-based reform will transform research and practice in education (2020, background): “However, studies of RTI do not find it to be effective (Balu et al., 2015), because RTI principles are rarely fully implemented (Fuchs & Fuchs, 2017; Ruffini, Miskell, Lindsay, McInerney, & Waite, 2016).”