Self-Reported Sexual Orientation and Earnings: Evidence from California

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Sexual orientation discrimination in the labour market (2009, methodology): “Furthermore, Carpenter (2005) used data from a public health survey in California (California Health Interview Survey) and found small statistically insignificant earnings differentials for gay men and lesbians compared to heterosexuals.”
Unexplored dimensions of discrimination in Europe: homosexuality and physical appearance (2015, unknown): “[34] Carpenter, S.”
Bias in the Workplace: Consistent Evidence of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination 1998–2008 (2007, background): “This study finds that gay men in California earn 2% to 3% less than heterosexual men (a statistically insignificant difference), and bisexual men earn 10% to 15% less than heterosexual men (Christopher Carpenter 2005).”
Diversity in organizations: Where are we now and where are we going? (2009, background): “The household specialization model (Allegretto & Arthur, 2001; Badgett, 1995; Becker, 1993; Black, Makar, Sanders, & Taylor, 2003; Carpenter, 2005; Clain & Leppel, 2001; Klawitter & Flatt, 1998) is based on the premise that the lower the skill level one has, the less compensation one is likely to…”