The antibacterial mechanism of carvacrol and thymol against Escherichia coli

By J. Xu, F. Zhou, B. Ji, Rui-Song Pei, N. Xu. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2008

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Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria (2013, background): “The interaction of thymol with the membrane affects membrane permeability and results in the release of K+ ions and ATP [20,27,28].”
Essential Oils in Food Preservation: Mode of Action, Synergies, and Interactions with Food Matrix Components (2012, background): “…is more accurately predicted by detecting the efflux of larger molecules like ATP or carboxyfluorescein diacetate (cFDA) after esterase reaction (Xu et al., 2008), or by influx of large polar organic DNA-binding stains like ethidium bromide (Lambert et al., 2001) and propidium iodide (Bouhdid…”
Characterization and antimicrobial activity studies of polypropylene films with carvacrol and thymol for active packaging (2012, background): “coli (Xu et al., 2008), attributing this effect to its ability to permeate anddepolarize the cytoplasmicmembrane.”
Thymol and carvacrol: biotransformation and antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum acutatum and Botryodiplodia theobromae (2011, background): “It was described earlier that the hydroxyl group bound to a benzenic ring is important for the activities of some antimicrobial compounds (Ultee et al., 2002; Veldhuizen et al., 2006; Xu et al., 2008).”