Preparing Teachers to Design Instruction for Deep Understanding in Middle School Earth Science

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Plausibility reappraisals and shifts in middle school students' climate change conceptions (2013, background): “Specifically, " IES emphasizes the importance of learning science through inquiry " (Penuel & Gallagher, 2009, p. 472) rather than through didactic learning typical of traditional textbooks.”
Large‐scale science education intervention research we can use (2012, background): “…in the past decade have focused principally on maximizing fidelity of teachers’ implementation of curriculum materials, research indicates that teachers can benefit from professional development that prepares them to make principled adaptation of curriculum materials (Penuel & Gallagher, 2009).”
Shaping Professional Development to Promote the Diffusion of Instructional Expertise Among Teachers (2013, background): “Conversely, Penuel and Gallagher (2009) found that when professional communities were not cohesive and where teachers were reluctant to ask one another for help, diffusion of improvements was impeded.”