Dual Coding Theory

By Allan Paivio. 1990

Subfields: Cognitive Science & Psychology

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Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015, background): “On a verbal recall task, children with ASD showed a reduced picture superiority effect compared with controls—an effect which is thought to rely on dual coding of pictures visually and verbally via inner speech (Paivio, 1991).”
SimLex-999: Evaluating Semantic Models With (Genuine) Similarity Estimation (2014, background): “On the cognitive side, these ‘concreteness effects’ are well established, even if the causes are still debated (Paivio, 1991; Hill et al., 2013b).”
The Effects of Presentation Formats and Task Complexity on Online Consumers' Product Understanding (2007, background): “An important assertion of the dual-coding theory is that verbal and nonverbal systems function independently and can have additive effects on human memory and understanding (Paivio 1991).”
Cognitive Development of Proof (2011, background): “The two distinct forms of development through the global visual-spatial modes of operation on the one hand and the sequential symbolic modes of operation on the other can operate in tandem with each supporting the other (Paivio, 1991).”
Learning Foreign Language Vocabulary with Gestures and Pictures Enhances Vocabulary Memory for Several Months Post-Learning in Eight-Year-Old School Children (2020, background): “Effects of vocabulary type on learning outcomes can also be phrased in terms of dual coding theory (Hommel et al. 2001; Paivio 1991).”
The Promise and Practice of Learner-Generated Drawing: Literature Review and Synthesis (2005, methodology): “Proposed to account for how readers process illustrations in conjunction with text, the Generative Theory of Textbook Design credits both Wittrock’s Generative Learning (1974, 1989) and Paivio’s Dual-Code (1986; Clark and Paivio, 1991) theories.”
Assessing Lexical Proficiency Using Analytic Ratings: A Case for Collocation Accuracy (2014, background): “Such words have advantages in tasks involving recall, word recognition, lexical decision, pronunciation, and comprehension (Paivio 1991; Gee et al. 1999).”
An exploratory field experiment of the effect of subconscious and conscious goals on employee performance (2009, background): “Verbal labels are retrieved and attached to nonverbal precepts; conversely, mental images are generated in response to words (Paivio, 1986; Paivio, 1991).”
Abstract concepts: sensory-motor grounding, metaphors, and beyond (2011, background): “The idea that different representational systems exist is related to Paivio’s dual code theory (e.g., Paivio, 1991).”
Peer to Peer Lending: The Relationship Between Language Features, Trustworthiness, and Persuasion Success (2011, background): “Concrete words are associated with more contextualized and detailed representations of objects (Doest, Semin, & Sherman, 2002; Schwanenflugel & Stowe, 1989; Seifert, 1997) and allow faster processing through both verbal and nonverbal semantic systems (Paivio, 1986, 1991).”
Visible embodiment: Gestures as simulated action (2008, background): “These ideas are articulated in dual coding theory (Paivio, 1971, 1991), which explains memory as being the product of both symbolic (e.g., verbal or propositional) and nonsymbolic (e.g., imageable) representations.”
Causal Cognitive Mapping in the Organizational Strategy Field: A Comparison of Alternative Elicitation Procedures (2004, background): “…strategies (Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977), the extent to which and the nature of the demands they place on working memory (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) and, related to this, the extent of verbal versus spatial reasoning required by the tasks (cf. Pavio, 1991).”
Predictors and outcomes of situational interest during a science learning task (2013, background): “The advantage of concrete material has been explained by the easiness of forming rich and alive mental representations, which are seen to facilitate comprehension and activate interest and other affective reactions (Paivio 1991).”