What Kinds of Numbers Do Students Assign to Literal Symbols? Aspects of the Transition from Arithmetic to Algebra

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Obstacles and Affordances for Integer Reasoning: An Analysis of Children's Thinking and the History of Mathematics (2014, background): “Others have found that students tend to either assign only natural numbers to literal symbols or treat expressions such as -x as if they represent solely negative quantities (Christou & Vosniadou, 2012; Lamb et al., 2012).”