Autophagy, Immunity, and Microbial Adaptations

By V. Deretic, Beth Levine. Cell Host and Microbe, 2009

909 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Autophagy adjusts cellular biomass and function in response to diverse stimuli, including infection. Autophagy plays specific roles in shaping immune system development, fueling host innate and adaptive immune responses, and directly controlling intracellular microbes as a cell-autonomous innate defense. As an evolutionary counterpoint, intracellular pathogens have evolved to block autophagic microbicidal defense and subvert host autophagic responses for their survival or growth. The ability of eukaryotic pathogens to deploy their own autophagic machinery may also contribute to microbial pathogenesis. Thus, a complex interplay between autophagy and microbial adaptations against autophagy governs the net outcome of host-microbe encounters.

Subfields: Endocrinology, Epidemiology, Parasitology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/92d9add77af3f5cd85e716f14ef15b0bf79468cb

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Citations in the corpus

Extracellular M. tuberculosis DNA Targets Bacteria for Autophagy by Activating the Host DNA-Sensing Pathway (2012, neutral): “In response to nutrient-limiting conditions, general autophagy serves a catabolic function by mediating nonselective consumption of organelles and other cellular components to generate substrates for energy metabolism and protein synthesis (Deretic and Levine, 2009).”
The hairpin-type tail-anchored SNARE syntaxin 17 targets to autophagosomes for fusion with endosomes/lysosomes. (2012, neutral): “Autophagy has a critical role in many physiological processes, such as cellular quality control, stress responses, and development (Deretic and Levine, 2009; Levine and Kroemer, 2008; Levine et al., 2011; Mizushima and Komatsu, 2011; White et al., 2010).”
The inflammasomes. (2010, neutral): “Autophagy is a cytoprotective process by which the cell seques-ters damaged proteins, organelles, or pathogens in a double-membrane compartment, the autophagosome, targets this cellular material for degradation in the lysosome, and recycles the constituent molecules (Deretic and Levine, 2009).”
The Microbiome in Infectious Disease and Inflammation (2012, neutral): “TLRs can promote the induction of autophagy (82).”
TBK-1 promotes autophagy-mediated antimicrobial defense by controlling autophagosome maturation (2012, neutral): “…2004) andMycobacterium tuberculosis (Gutierrez et al., 2004; Ponpuak et al., 2010), have been extended to a wide variety of microbes with a caveat that most highly adapted path- ogens have evolved specific protective mechanisms against autophagic elimination of microbes (Deretic and Levine, 2009).”
Phosphorylation of p62 activates the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway during selective autophagy. (2013, background): “A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the importance of selective autophagy, which degrades aggregated proteins (aggrephagy), unnecessary or damaged mitochondria (mitophagy), and invading bacteria (xenophagy) via ubiquitin signaling (Deretic and Levine, 2009; Kirkin et al., 2009; Youle and Nar”
Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease (2011, background): “Autophagy is a fundamental process that controls the catabolism of intracellular constituents in response to stress or infection, characteristically involving the formation of autophagosomes that target cargo for degradation by the lysosomal machiner”
Paneth cells, antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis (2011, background): “Autophagy is the process by which cells recycle their own components through the delivery of membrane-bound subcellular organelles to lysosomes for degradation; this process is essential for cellular renewal and homeostasi”
Autophagy-deficient mice develop multiple liver tumors. (2011, background): “…starvation, quality control of intracellular proteins and organelles, preimplantation embryonic development, elimination of intracellular microbes, and presentation of cytoplasmic antigens (Rubinsztein 2006; Mizushima 2007; Cecconi and Levine 2008; Mizushima et al. 2008; Deretic and Levine 2009).”
The autophagy protein Atg7 is essential for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance (2011, background): “, 2003), immunity (Deretic and Levine, 2009), and cell death (Maiuri et al.”
Emerging regulation and functions of autophagy (2013, background): “Autophagy has been shown to participate in physiological processes ranging from adaptation to starvation, cell differentiation and development, the degradation of aberrant structures, turnover of superfluous or damaged organelles, tumour suppression, innate and adaptive immunity, lifespan extension ”