The Approach and Avoidance Function of Guilt and Shame Emotions: Comparing Reactions to Self-Caused and Other-Caused Wrongdoing

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Guilt and Shame: Environmental Message Framing Effects (2017, background): “Theoretically, guilt and shame are distinctly different in their relations to approach and avoidance motivations (Schmader and Lickel 2006).”
Emotion in inter-group relations (2008, background): “For instance, Lickel et al. (2005) showed individuals to recall experiencing guilt and shame about the transgressions committed by fellow members of an ethnic group (see also Schmader & Lickel, 2006).”
Group-Based Shame and Guilt: Emerging Directions in Research (2011, unknown): “In fact, in some research, the motivational distinctions between shame and guilt are even more pronounced in group-based emotional experiences than in self-caused episodes (Schmader & Lickel, 2006a).”
The Meaning of My Feelings Depends on Who I Am: Work-Related Identifications Shape Emotion Effects in Organizations (2017, background): “Anger, guilt, and pride also have responses pertinent to organizational exit (Carver & Harmon-Jones, 2009; Kitayama et al., 2006; Schmader & Lickel, 2006; Shaver et al., 1987).”