Emotion Theory and Research: Highlights, Unanswered Questions, and Emerging Issues

By C. Izard. Annual Review of Psychology, 2009

1,026 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Emotion feeling is a phase of neurobiological activity, the key component of emotions and emotion-cognition interactions. Emotion schemas, the most frequently occurring emotion experiences, are dynamic emotion-cognition interactions that may consist of momentary/ situational responding or enduring traits of personality that emerge over developmental time. Emotions play a critical role in the evolution of consciousness and the operations of all mental processes. Types of emotion relate differentially to types or levels of consciousness. Unbridled imagination and the ability for sympathetic regulation of empathy may represent both potential gains and losses from the evolution and ontogeny of emotion processes and consciousness. Unresolved issues include psychology’s neglect of levels of consciousness that are distinct from access or reflective consciousness and use of the term “unconscious mind” as a dumpster for all mental processes that are considered unreportable. The relation of memes and the mirror neuron system to empathy, sympathy, and cultural influences on the development of socioemotional skills are unresolved issues destined to attract future research.

Subfields: Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7daa024026adffb3ca95c684984c4ba64c6f0407

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Citations in the corpus

Initial Validation of the Children’s Worry Management Scale (2010, background): “Theoretically different than basic emotions, the construct of worry is most consistent with the description of emotion schemas, an interaction between affect, perception, and cognition that influences mental processes and behavior (Izard 2009).”
Distributed Attention and Shared Emotions in the Innovation Process (2016, background): “The emotion that people experience toward a particular target depends on how they perceive that target’s implications for themselves (e.g., Ellsworth and Scherer, 2003; Russell, 2003; Izard, 2009).”
Organizational Neuroscience: Taking Organizational Theory Inside the Neural Black Box (2011, background): “Empathy is an automatic and immediate identification of the emotions of others as if they were experienced by the observer himself or herself (Izard, 2009).”
Vigor as a Positive Affect at Work: Conceptualizing Vigor, Its Relations with Related Constructs, and Its Antecedents and Consequences (2011, background): “It is also possible that vigor is activated by hormonal and neurotransmitter activities rather than being evoked by the types of appraisals described above (Izard, 2009).”
Toward a Mental Systems Approach to Human Relationships with Wildlife: The Role of Emotional Dispositions (2012, background): “The evolutionary approach emphasizes that emotions emerged in the course of evolution as adaptations to survival and human well-being (Cornelius, 2000; Damasio, 1999; Ekman, 1993; Izard, 2009; Jacobs, 2009; LeDoux, 1996; Rozin, 2003).”
Making sense of the elusive paradigm of entrepreneurship (2015, background): “2002); the level of positive affect, negative affect, and the combination of the two, as informed by the psychology literature on emotion and cognition (Izard 2009); the intrinsic”
More than fear: role of emotions in acceptability of lethal control of wolves (2014, background): “Other emotions, however, might be important in context of wildlife (Jacobs 2007, 2009; Manfredo 2008).”
Prior mathematics achievement, cognitive appraisals and anxiety as predictors of Finnish students’ later mathematics performance and career orientation (2010, background): “In addition, they direct both interest development and motivation (Izard, 2009; Krapp, 2005; Pekrun, Goetz, Titz, & Perry, 2002) as well as the use of cognitive resources (Derakshan & Eysenck, 1998; Easterbrook, 1959; Eysenck & Calvo, 1992; Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007; Humphreys & Reve”
RULER: A Theory-Driven, Systemic Approach to Social, Emotional, and Academic Learning (2019, background): “Emotions involve multiple processes spanning physiological, cognitive, and social domains (Izard, 2009).”
The development of an emotion lexicon for the coffee drinking experience (2014, background): “Izard (1977, 2009) believed emotion is derived from evolution and neurobiological development.”
Measuring Emotions in Real Time (2015, background): “Further, the categorical approach posits that secondary emotions such as appraisal including behavioral intention are the results of more complex thought and a blend of basic emotions (Izard 1977; Plutchik 2003).”