Variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: A comparison between Canada, USA, and Japan.

By Sarah Safdar, W. Friedlmeier, Dawn A. Matsumoto, S. Yoo, C. T. Kwantes, Hisako Kakai, Eri Shigemasu. 2009

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Aversion to Happiness Across Cultures: A Review of Where and Why People are Averse to Happiness (2014, background): “…previous research on display rules—the sociocultural rules governing which emotions are appropriate to display in public—has shown that East Asians are more inclined than Westerners to think that it is not appropriate to express happiness in many social situations (e.g., Safdar et al., 2009).”
Differences in Emotional Labor Across Cultures: A Comparison of Chinese and U.S. Service Workers (2013, neutral): “Though researchers have studied emotion regulation and display rules across cultures (Eid and Diener 2001; Masuda et al. 2008; Safdar et al. 2008), relatively little research has looked at the relationships among emotional labor constructs from a cross-cultural perspective (Grandey et al. 2005).”
Transformational leadership and service recovery performance: The mediating effect of emotional labor and the influence of culture (2019, background): “Collectivist cultures view emotions as a reflection of the social relationship and not one’s expression (Safdar et al., 2009).”
Emotion Socialization in Cross-Cultural Perspective (2011, background): “, Japan) may have more specific display rules to guide interaction with different types of partners than cultures that emphasize the independence of selves (e.g., North Americans; Safdar et al., 2009).”