Participation in Extracurricular Activities in the Middle School Years: Are There Developmental Benefits for African American and European American Youth?

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Boarding School, Academic Motivation and Engagement, and Psychological Well-Being (2014, background): “Positive youth development is another perspective that recognizes the importance of connections between individuals and their ecological setting and how these connections are an important basis for young people’s development (Benson & Saito, 2000; Fredricks & Eccles, 2008; Lerner, 2005).”
Promoting Positive Youth Development Through Organized After‐School Activities: Taking a Closer Look at Participation of Ethnic Minority Youth (2012, background): “…been correlated with positive academic, psychological, and social adjustment for both low-income and middle-class African American youth (Dotterer, McHale, & Crouter, 2007; Fredricks & Eccles, 2006, 2008, 2010; Posner & Vandell, 1994, 1999; Quane & Rankin, 2006; Simpkins, Eccles, & Becnel, 2008).”
The Role of Arts Participation in Students' Academic and Nonacademic Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study of School, Home, and Community Factors. (2013, background): “…and Sport in the United Kingdom has strengthened partnerships between schools and arts organizations to provide young people in disadvantaged areas across England enhanced opportunities to develop creativity and build their future aspirations (Creativity, Culture, & Education, 2012; Galton, 2008).”