Towards a description of trilingual competence

By C. Hoffmann. 2001

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The effect of multilingualism, sociobiographical, and situational factors on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety of mature language learners (2007, background): “The words ‘bilingual’, ‘trilingual’ and ‘quadrilinguals’ are clearly used as blanket terms and do not refer to proficiency levels (cf. Hoffmann, 2001; Sia & Dewaele, 2006).”
The influence of language distance and language status on the acquisition of L3 phonology (2010, background): “Once a mere extension of SLA, the field of third language acquisition (TLA) has now become a ‘distinct area of research’ (Hoffmann, 2001 , p.”
Metalinguistic awareness mediates effects of full biliteracy on third-language reading proficiency in Turkish–German bilinguals (2012, background): “Besides L3 acquisition, monolinguals and bilinguals differ in metalinguistic awareness (Hoffmann, 2001). Instead of assuming metalinguistic awareness to be one homogenous construct, Bialystok (e.g., 1993, 2001) identified two different cognitive processing components, namely the analysis of represen”
What is special about L3 processing?* (2013, background): “(Hoffmann, 2001, p. 1) A similar argument has been put forth by Ulrike Jessner, who argues that: Apart from all the individual and social factors affecting secondlanguageacquisition,theprocessoflearningandthe productofhavinglearntasecondlanguagecanpotentially…”