Translation and short-term L2 vocabulary retention: Hindrance or help?

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Own-language use in language teaching and learning (2012, background): “Indeed, O’Malley & Chamot (1990) argue that translation is one of the most used learning strategies, whilst Hummel (2010) reviews a range of evidence which emphasises the value of translation as a potentially effective cognitive strategy for learners.”
Extensive viewing of captioned and subtitled TV series: a study of L2 vocabulary learning by adolescents (2019, background): “However, in classroom studies ‘it is difficult [… ] to ensure that learners do not become intentionally focused on learning vocabulary’ (Malone 2018, 3), and it is actually impossible to know what participants actually do (Hummel 2010).”
The effects of word exposure frequency and elaboration of word processing on incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition through reading (2012, background): “…and Takaki, 2003; Zahar et al., 2001), word enhancement (Han et al., 2008; Watanabe, 1997; Yoshi, 2006) and active translation of new words (Hummel, 2010), as well as the effects of learners’ relative elaboration of word processing (Hulstijn and Laufer, 2001; Laufer and Girsai, 2008) on L2…”