A Review of Generic Program Visualization Systems for Introductory Programming Education

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Students’ Misconceptions and Other Difficulties in Introductory Programming (2017, methodology): “Sorva et al. (2013) indicated that learner engagement with new tools was not adequately investigated, and many students did not see the benefits of using such tools.”
Bringing "High-level" Down to Earth: Gaining Clarity in Conversational Programmer Learning Goals (2022, background): “There has been a great deal of focus on categorizing and describing low-level code behavior, evidenced by the great number of program visualization tools created by computing education researchers to illustrate notional machine operation [22] or expression evaluation [ 14].”
Introductory programming: a systematic literature review (2018, background): “In 2013, Sorva et al. [632] published the first comprehensive review of visualisation systems intended for teaching beginners, providing descriptions of such systems from the preceding three decades and reviewing findings from their empirical evaluations.”
Learning by Taking Apart: Deconstructing Code by Reading, Tracing, and Debugging (2016, background): “They essentially show students how to trace code, that is, to read code with an understanding of the order in which the lines of code are executed, as well as the data and processes that are activated [17, 28, 70, 71].”