How To Solve It

By Charles M. Bishop. 1991

Subfields: Cognitive Science & Psychology

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Cognitive Science & Psychology

Citations in the corpus

Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Dataset (2021, methodology): “Instead, humans often solve such problem by applying problem solving techniques and “heuristics” (Pólya, 1945).”
Cognitive Backgrounds of Problem Solving: A Comparison of Open-Ended vs. Closed Mathematics Problems. (2015, background): “Throughout this complicated process, cognitive abilities such as intelligence (Polya, 1973; Resnick & Glaser, 1976; Sternberg, 1982), creativity and originality (Polya, 1980), spatial ability (Booth & Thomas, 1999), verbal ability (Dodson, 1972), working memory (Swanson 2004), and knowledge…”
Cognitive Strategies Instruction: From Basic Research to Classroom Instruction (2009, background): “Pressley, M., Borkowski, J. G., & Schneider, W. (1987). Cognitive strategies: Good strategy users coordinate meta-cognition and knowledge. In R. Vasta & G. Whitehurst (Eds.), Annals of child development, Vol. 4 (pp. 89–129). Greenwich CT: JAI Press. Pressley, M., Cariglia-Bull, T., Deane, S., & Schn”
Where learning starts? A framework for thinking about lectures in university mathematics (2010, background): “A rare exception is Polya’s classic work on heuristic [46], but this book illustrates how much more space the solution of any problem takes up when the methodology is discussed in detail.”
The Need for Design Thinking in Business Schools (2014, background): “Intertwined with this analytic perspective is the rational-analytic approach to decision making, which began to receive considerable emphasis in the 1960s and 70s (Keppner & Tregoe, 1965; Newell & Simon, 1972; Polya, 1957).”
Using diagrams as tools for the solution of non-routine mathematical problems (2009, methodology): “Thus, we investigated the impact of different types of diagrams based on a diagram taxonomy proposed by Novick and Hurley (2001), in non-routine problem solving by sixth graders.”
A metacognitive-based instruction for Primary Four students to approach non-routine mathematical word problems (2014, background): “Pòlya (1971) described mathematical problem solving as comprising four stages, namely, understanding, planning, carrying out the plan, and looking back.”
Students' Verification Strategies for Combinatorial Problems (2004, background): “Verification is considered part of a “looking back” strategy and plays a critical role in problem solving (Polya, 1957; Schoenfeld, 1984, 1985; Silver, 1987; Wilson, Fernandez, & Hadaway, 1993).”
A Middle Way (2009, background): “Polya [6] has two interesting numerical sequences that both begin with one (b = 1): the first shows “The sum of the (1)See [6] and [2].”
Strategy Generation and Evaluation for Meta-Game Playing (2011, background): “As the player cannot in general see the exact influence of a move on the final goals of the game, it follows that her reasoning must be heuristic [Polya, 1945; Lenat, 1983].”
Implementation of a Peer-Led Team Learning Instructional Approach in an Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Course. (2002, unknown): “First, the class brainstormed ways that the leader could guide students to consider four aspects of the problem-solving process: understanding a problem, developing a plan, implementing the plan, and evaluating progress (Polya, 1973).”
Metacognitive activities in text-studying and problem-solving: Development of a taxonomy (2006, background): “In the older literature, these were called heuristics (Polya, 1957).”