Instrumental and Expressive Traits, Trait Stereotypes, and Sexist Attitudes: What Do They Signify?

By J. Spence, Camille E. Buckner. 2000

527 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Gender Studies, Sociology and Political Science, Cognitive Science & Psychology, Social Sciences & Humanities

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Citations in the corpus

Diagnosing Gender Bias in Image Recognition Systems (2020, background): “Widely held and enduring gender beliefs characterize women as less agentic, less worthy, and less competent than men (Conway, Pizzamiglio, and Mount 1996; Fiske et al. 2002; Lueptow, Garovich-Szabo, and Lueptow 2001; Spence and Buckner 2000).”
Now you see them, now you don't: gender differences in entrepreneurship (2008, background): “The cause of these and similar gender differences has been attributed by some researchers to social forces such as socialization, cultural norms and gender roles and stereotypes and thus as changeable (e.g. Basow, 1992; Deaux and LaFrance, 1998; Ruble and Martin, 1998; Spence and Buckner, 2000).”
Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women (2001, background): “As a result of women’s increasing movement into the paid workforce, women have started to view themselves and to be viewed by others as being more agentic (Diekman & Eagly, 2000; Spence & Buckner, 2000).”
Gender Differences in the Impact of Leadership Styles on Subordinate Embeddedness and Job Satisfaction (2014, background): “The agentic dimension is task-oriented and defined by independent, masterful, and assertive tendencies (e.g., competitive, ambitious, dominating), with men scoring higher on this dimension than women (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001; Spence & Buckner, 2000).”
Using E-mail for Personal Relationships (2001, background): “In contrast, there was no significant effect of gender on the items that were not associated with personal relationships, namely, keeping up with music and entertainment, playing computer games, or searching the Internet for hobby information (see Table 1).”
On Norms and Agency: Conversations about Gender Equality with Women and Men in 20 Countries (2013, background): “25 Ridgeway and Correll (2004, 526–28) also cite a set of studies that looks empirically at the resilience of gender beliefs: Fiske et al. 2002; Lueptow, Garovich-szabo, and Lueptow 2001; and spence and Buckner 2000.”
Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations (2008, background): “The evidence suggests that while descriptive beliefs may be changing to reflect the more agentic roles women now possess, prescriptive beliefs have remained static (Diekman & Eagly, 2000; Prentice & Carranza, 2002; Spence & Buckner, 2000).”
Twenty-Five Years After the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: A Reassessment and New Issues Regarding Classification Variability (2001, background): “More recently, Spence and Buckner (2000) reported that gender stereotypes were supported when participants in their study were asked to compare and rate the "typical" male and female college student on Personal Attributes Questionnaire and BSRI instrumental and expressive items; however, such…”
Measuring Transgender Individuals’ Comfort With Gender Identity and Appearance (2012, background): “…and gentle) and havea ‘‘feminine’’ appearance (e.g., thin, long hair, big breasts, and small waist), whereas males are socialized to be instrumental (e.g., aggressive, competitive, and dominant) and have a ‘‘masculine’’ appearance (e.g., muscular and rugged; Spence & Buckner, 2000, p. 45).”
Social incentives for gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations: Sometimes it does hurt to ask (2007, unknown): “…the workplace has grown and the gender segregation of occupations has declined, women have come to identify more with masculine personality traits (Spence & Buckner, 2000; Twenge, 1997) and society has come to view women of today and tomorrow as more masculine than women of the past (Cejka &…”
Gender-Role Differences in Spatial Ability: A Meta-Analytic Review (2013, background): “Similarly, because there have been debates over which measures of masculinity and femininity are the best predictor of behavior (Bem 1984; Spence and Buckner 2000), we examined the type of gender-role instrument as a potential moderating variable.”