Age of learning and second language speech.

By James Emil Flege. 1999

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Citations in the corpus

Early Experience & Multisensory Perceptual Narrowing (2014, background): “Similarly, adults who learn a foreign language late in life speak with an accent which is very difficult to undo (Flege, 1999).”
Bilingual first-language development: Dominant language takeover, threatened minority language take-up* (2009, background): “…and Hakuta, 1999; Birdsong, 1999) – and whether there is an age beyond which a full native-like command of a language can no longer be achieved (Johnson and Newport, 1989; Newport, 1991; Mayberry, 1994; Bongaerts, 1999; Flege, 1999; Moyer, 1999; Weber-Fox and Neville, 1999; Hyltenstam, 2006).”
Perceived phonetic dissimilarity and L2 speech learning: the case of Japanese /r/ and English /l/ and /r/ (2004, background): “The purpose of this study was to test the SLM hypothesis regarding the effect of perceived cross-language phonetic dissimilarity on the learning of L2 speech sounds.”
Assessing constraints on second-language segmental production and perception (2003, background): “A more thorough discussion is provided by Flege (1999b).”
On the evidence for maturational constraints in second-language acquisition (2001, background): “For example, Bialystok and Hakuta (1994) (1999), Birdsong (1992), Flege (1999), and others have found postmaturational age effects.”
Age of Onset and Nativelikeness in a Second Language: Listener Perception Versus Linguistic Scrutiny (2009, result): “Also in accordance with previous research (as well as with most layman observations), a majority of the early learners were perceived as native speakers, whereas most of the late learners were thought to have a native language other than Swedish (cf., e.g., DeKeyser, 2000; Flege, 1999; Flege et al.,”
Dominant-language replacement: The case of international adoptees* (2009, background): “For example, a high frequency of L1 use would correlate with a high degree of foreign accent in the L2 (see also Flege, 1999).”
Interaction between the native and second language phonetic subsystems (2003, background): “According to the SLM, age effects arise primarily from age-related changes in how the L1 and L2 phonetic subsystems interact.”
Perceived foreign accent in first language attrition and second language acquisition: The impact of age of acquisition and bilingualism (2011, background): “For instance, the speech learning model (Flege, 2002) hypothesizes that L2 learners are increasingly likely to process L2 phonetic categories as instances of L1 categories the longer the L1 had been spoken before the onset of L2 acquisition (Flege, 1999).”
Connectionist Models in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience : Critical Periods and the Paradox of Success (2005, background): “range of communication functions engaged) that differ in L1 vs. L2 learning (e.g., Flege, 1999; Flege et al., 1999; Bialystok & Hakuta, 1999).”
Nonnative and second-language speech perception : commonalities and complementarities (2007, background): “To focus our comparison of naïve listeners and L2 learners, we conceptualize their characteristics, as studied in speech perception research, as lying somewhere along three separate dimensions: 1) L1 acquisition at onset of L2 learning; 2) ratio of L1/L2 usage on an average daily basis, and; 3) rati”
Cross‐Linguistic Influence (2008, background): “Further difficulty for such a notion is evident in work by Flege (1999) and others on pronunciation.”
Authenticity of pronunciation in naturalistic second language acquisition: The case of very advanced late learners of Dutch as a second language (2000, background): “We believe that in this study, as in our earlier studies (summarized in Bongaerts 1999 ), we have demonstrated that it is not impossible for postcritical period learners to achieve a nativelike accent in a non-primary language, in spite of the alleged biological barriers.”
THE ROBUSTNESS OF CRITICAL PERIOD EFFECTS IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION (2000, background): “…Boustagui, El Tigi, & Moselle, 1994; White & Genesee, 1996, in the domain of morphosyntax; Bongaerts, 1999; Bongaerts, Planken, & Schils, 1995; Bongaerts, van Summeren, Planken, & Schils, 1997; Flege, 1999; Flege, Takagi, & Mann, 1995; Moyer, 1999; Neufeld, 1978, in the domain of pronunciation).”
PERCEIVING VOWELS IN A SECOND LANGUAGE (2004, unknown): “M (Flege, 1988, 1992a, 1995, 1999,2002, 2003a) proposes that even adults retain the capacities used by Infants and children to acquire their LI, Including the ability, in time, to perceive the properties of 1..2 speech sounds accurately and to establish new phonetic categories.”