Who speaks what language to whom and when

By J. Fishman. 2003

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English performance of proficient bilingual adults on the Boston Naming Test (2002, background): “…for native English speakers (Kirk, 1992) increase with age.1 Given the differences between bilingual and unilingual speakers (e.g., Baker, 1995; Fishman, 1965; Grosjean, 1997, 1998; for a recent review see Roberts, 2001), we cannot assume that the order of acquisition or order of difficulty…”
Calculating speakers: Codeswitching in a rational choice model (2001, background): “Probably the most widely held view of the forces behind linguistic choices is the approach articulated in the 1960s by such figures as Labov 1966 and Fishman 1965, and still generally embraced today.2 We refer to this as the “social factors” approach.”
Exposure and input in bilingual development (2017, background): “We have to consider the child’s emerging beliefs about what language to speak when, to whom, and why (Fishman, 1965).”
Functions of Code Switching in Schoolchildren's Conversations (2004, background): “Early research in this area has identified the types of CS and the factors affecting it (e.g., Clyne, 1967; Ervin-Tripp, 1964; Fishman, 1965; Gumperz, 1964, 1967; Gumperz & Hernández-Chavez, 1975).”