Confronting Perpetrators of Prejudice: The Inhibitory Effects of Social Costs1

By Shelton J. Nicole, R. Stewart. 2004

224 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Gender Studies, Safety Research, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e358711a0c8b77ba689e5177d78dda5cbff4f224

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Citations in the corpus

Peer pressure against prejudice: A high school field experiment examining social network change (2011, background): “…perpetrators or come to the aid of victims (Hawkins, Pepler, & Craig, 2001; O'Connell, Pepler, & Craig, 1999), most likely because those who do attract the anger of their peers, and are liked less (Czopp, Monteith, & Mark, 2006; Hawkins et al., 2001; Shelton & Stewart, 2004; Swim & Hyers, 1999).”
Ways to Go: Men's and Women's Support for Aggressive and Nonaggressive Confrontation of Sexism as a Function of Gender Identification (2014, background): “A crucial determinant of women’s decision to confront or not to confront sexism is the extent to which they expect their reactions to be supported by others or, instead, to be associated with social costs (Ashburn-Nardo, Blanchar, Petersson, Morris, & Goodwin, 2014; Shelton & Stewart, 2004).”
Subtle Discrimination in the Workplace: A Vicious Cycle (2017, background): “However, it is also worth mentioning that research suggests nonstigmatized alliesmay be particularly effective at reducing prejudice when they do decide to address and confront discrimination (Shelton & Stewart, 2004).”
The Confronting Prejudiced Responses (CPR) Model: Applying CPR in Organizations (2008, background): “For example, observers who are angered by discrimination should be more likely to respond automatically, failing to perceive the risks (see Lerner & Keltner, 2001) that are often carefully considered before confronting (e.g., Shelton & Stewart, 2004).”
The unexpectedly positive consequences of confronting sexism (2011, unknown): “And although targets of prejudice report a desire to assertively confront prejudice, the social cost of confronting often keeps them from doing so (Shelton & Stewart, 2004).”
Perceptions of non-target confronters in response to racist and heterosexist remarks (2012, background): “Much of this research has shown that target individuals are reluctant to confront the perpetrator in many situations (Swim & Hyers, 1999; Shelton & Stewart, 2004; Stangor, Swim, Van Allen, & Sechrist, 2002).”
Allies against Sexism: The Role of Men in Confronting Sexism (2014, background): “For example, men could be taught about existing barriers that prevent both women and men from confronting sexism (Shelton & Stewart, 2004; Swim & Hyers, 1999; Woodzicka & LaFrance, 2001).”
Highly automated job interviews: Acceptance under the influence of stakes (2019, unknown): “Compared to asking participants to imagine themselves being in a situation (as in, e.g., Atzmüller & Steiner, 2010; Shelton & Stewart, 2004), we followed Lee (2018) and introduced participants to an ob‐ server role, which, we believe, has two advantages: (a) Participants can judge the situation as…”
When Do We Confront? Perceptions of Costs and Benefits Predict Confronting Discrimination on Behalf of the Self and Others (2012, background): “…optimism or the belief that people can change their prejudicial beliefs predicts greater confronting (Kaiser & Miller, 2004; Rattan & Dweck, 2010; Sechrist, 2010) and that fear of social reprisal inhibits confronting (Kaiser & Miller, 2001, 2004; Shelton & Stewart, 2004; Swim & Hyers, 1999).”
Climate of silence: Pluralistic ignorance as a barrier to climate change discussion (2016, background): “…confronting discrimination despite their wishes to do so (e.g., Swim, Eyssell, Murdoch, & Ferguson, 2010) or despite what they expect they would do (Shelton & Stewart, 2004; Swim & Hyers, 1999; Woodzicka & LaFrance, 2001), particularly in the presence of others expected to not share one's own…”
It’s not your fault: The social costs of claiming discrimination on behalf of someone else (2012, background): “Interpersonal costs of claiming discrimination People who blame their negative outcomes on discrimination are disliked (Dodd, Guilano, Boutell, & Moran, 2001; Garcia, Reser, Amo, Redersdorff, & Branscombe, 2005; Kaiser & Miller, 2001; Kaiser & Miller, 2003; Shelton & Stewart, 2004).”
Confronting prejudice: The who, what, and why of confrontation effectiveness (2013, background): “As research that we reviewed earlier in this article has revealed, people are often silent in the face of prejudice rather than confrontational, enduring the costs of remaining silent rather than suffering possible costs of speaking up (Kaiser & Miller, 2004; Shelton & Stewart, 2004).”
The Effect of Target Status on Witnesses' Reactions to Confrontations of Bias (2010, background): “Even though most people believe that they would confront bias, when placed in the actual situation, very few people actually speak up due to the social costs of confrontation (eg, Shelton & Stewart, 2004 ).”