The Effect of Target Status on Witnesses' Reactions to Confrontations of Bias

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Perceptions of non-target confronters in response to racist and heterosexist remarks (2012, background): “Additionally, recent work has shown that non-targets are more effective than targets at increasing bystanders’ perceptions of how biased the racist comment is (Rasinski & Czopp, 2010).”
Tweetment Effects on the Tweeted: Experimentally Reducing Racist Harassment (2017, background): “There is a sizable body of research that indicates that attempts to reduce prejudiced behavior are more effective when made by members of the ingroup (Rasinski and Czopp 2010; Gulker et al. 2013).”
Confronting prejudice: The who, what, and why of confrontation effectiveness (2013, background): “Rasinski and Czopp (2010) had White participants watch a video debate between two students, and manipulated whether a White or Black speaker confronted a White speaker about a racially biased remark.”
Bystander anti-racism : a review of the literature (2011, background): “Rasinski and Czopp (2010) found that this extends not just to the individual being confronted, but also to others observing the incident.”
Allies against Sexism: The Role of Men in Confronting Sexism (2014, background): “However, emerging research on Whites who oppose racism suggests that allies’ confrontations may be viewed as more appropriate condemnations of prejudice compared to the same actions taken by members of the group targeted by discrimination (Czopp et al., 2006; Rasinski & Czopp, 2010).”