The blood-brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications.

By Praveen Ballabh, Alex Braun, Maiken Nedergaard. Neurobiology of Disease, 2004

2,243 citations recorded by the source corpus.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a diffusion barrier, which impedes influx of most compounds from blood to brain. Three cellular elements of the brain microvasculature compose the BBB-endothelial cells, astrocyte end-feet, and pericytes (PCs). Tight junctions (TJs), present between the cerebral endothelial cells, form a diffusion barrier, which selectively excludes most blood-borne substances from entering the brain. Astrocytic end-feet tightly ensheath the vessel wall and appear to be critical for the induction and maintenance of the TJ barrier, but astrocytes are not believed to have a barrier function in the mammalian brain. Dysfunction of the BBB, for example, impairment of the TJ seal, complicates a number of neurologic diseases including stroke and neuroinflammatory disorders. We review here the recent developments in our understanding of the BBB and the role of the BBB dysfunction in CNS disease. We have focused on intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature infants, which may involve dysfunction of the TJ seal as well as immaturity of the BBB in the germinal matrix (GM). A paucity of TJs or PCs, coupled with incomplete coverage of blood vessels by astrocyte end-feet, may account for the fragility of blood vessels in the GM of premature infants. Finally, this review describes the pathogenesis of increased BBB permeability in hypoxia-ischemia and inflammatory mechanisms involving the BBB in septic encephalopathy, HIV-induced dementia, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer disease.

Subfields: Neurology, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d36405d6fce0ed55dd99279fcebf3669ee42373a

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In Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health

Citations in the corpus

Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Premature Infants: Mechanism of Disease (2010, background): “The tight junction is composed of three integral membrane proteins, namely claudin, occludin, and junction adhesion molecules as well as a number of cytoplasmic accessory proteins— ZO1, ZO2, ZO3, cingulin, and others (22).”
Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier. (2010, background): “…the blood–brain barrier The BBB develops during fetal life and is well formed by birth, especially to proteins and macromolecules (Olsson et al., 1968; Tauc et al., 1984; Saunders, 1992; Moos and Møllgård, 1993; Keep et al., 1995; Preston et al., 1995; Saunders et al., 2000; Ballabh et al., 2004).”
Matrix Metalloproteinase-Mediated Disruption of Tight Junction Proteins in Cerebral Vessels is Reversed by Synthetic Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor in Focal Ischemia in Rat (2007, background): “Tight junction proteins join endothelial cells together to form the interface between blood and brain (Ballabh et al, 2004).”
Immunotherapy for glioma: current management and future application. (2020, neutral): “This unique structure in the CNS prevents the majority of antitumor drugs from entering the brain, bringing challenges in the development of antiglioma drugs [9,10].”
Brain metastatic cancer cells release microRNA-181c-containing extracellular vesicles capable of destructing blood–brain barrier (2015, neutral): “A key event during brain metastasis is the migration of cancer cells through blood–brain barrier (BBB) 1,2 , which consists of the endothelium and surrounding cells 3,4 .”
The role of pericytes in blood-vessel formation and maintenance. (2005, neutral): “1C) (Ballabh et al., 2004; Cleaver and Melton, 2003).”
The perivascular astroglial sheath provides a complete covering of the brain microvessels: An electron microscopic 3D reconstruction (2010, methodology): “Sections were photographed with a Tecnai G2 electron microscope from FEI (Hillsboro, OR).”
Brain Inflammation in Epilepsy: Experimental and Clinical Evidence (2005, background): “physiologic characteristics of the BBB and blood–CSF barriers, see the comprehensive review articles (11,12).”
Blood-brain barrier leakage may lead to progression of temporal lobe epilepsy. (2007, neutral): “…Klatzo, 1983; Oztas and Kaya, 1991), free radical formation (Oztas et al., 2001), inflammatory responses such as leucocyte recruitment, cytokine and interleukin production (Patel, 2004; Vezzani and Granata, 2005; Gorter et al., 2006) and/or loss of tight junction molecules (Ballabh et al., 2004).”
The Blood-Brain Barrier/Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease (2005, background): “…astrocytes may act as intermediaries to or in conjunction with neurons in the moment-to-moment regulation of cerebral microvascular permeability (Ballabh et al., 2004), in particular via dynamic Ca2 signaling between astrocytes and the endothelium via gap junctions and purinergic transmission…”
Astrocytes: biology and pathology (2009, background): “The main functional components of the BBB are the endothelial tight junctions [1, 11].”