Parental factors and early English education as a foreign language: a case study in Mainland China

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English language education among young learners in East Asia: A review of current research (2004–2014) (2015, background): “Butler (2014) examined how parents’ SES influenced their children’s English learning in an eastern city in China.”
Meta-Analysis of Parental Involvement and Achievement in East Asian Countries (2020, methodology): “” Butler (2014) reported separate effect sizes across various grade levels, so we coded for each—a shifting unit of analysis approach was used treating subgroup (grade level) as the unit of analysis.”
Parental factors in children’s motivation for learning English: a case in China (2015, methodology): “Because the three SES measures (income, father’s and mother’s education levels) were highly correlated among themselves for all three-grade levels, income was used as a representative measure of SES for the rest of the analyses, as in Butler (2013). In order to answer Q1, the mean scores of all part”