Effects of Cultural Tightness and Collectivism on Self-Concept and Causal Attributions

By S. Carpenter. 2000

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On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. (2006, methodology): “Tightness-looseness (TL) is not individualism-collectivism (IC) (Carpenter, 2000; Chan, Gelfand, Triandis, & Tzeng, 1996; Triandis, 1989).”
The Index of Cultural Tightness and Looseness Among 68 Countries (2015, background): “cultural tightness and looseness, norms, measurement, values, attitudes, beliefs, cultural variation Cultural tightness and looseness (CTL) taps into variance in norms, values, and behavior (e.g., Carpenter, 2000; Triandis, 1989).”
Assessing the Validity of Self Construal Scales: A Response to Levine et al. (2003, methodology): “Carpenter’s (2000) coding of descriptions of the self in the Human Relations Area Files supports this assumption.”
Religiosity and consumer behavior: a summarizing review (2019, background): “the tightness of the subcultures that one belongs to (Carpenter 2000).”
Individualism-collectivism and personality. (2001, background): “Tight cultures are high on collectivism (Carpenter, 2000; Triandis, 1994, 1995).”
Cultural Tightness–Looseness and Perceptions of Effective Leadership (2016, background): “This prediction was indeed supported later in a study of traditional cultures by Carpenter (2000).”
Cultural influences on personality. (2002, background): “There are both universal and culture-specific aspects of variation in personality.”