A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: using measures of clustering in multilevel logistic regression to investigate contextual phenomena

By J. Merlo, B. Chaix, H. Ohlsson, A. Beckman, K. Johnell, P. Hjerpe, L. Råstam, K. Larsen. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2006

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An Examination of Restorative Interventions and Racial Equity in Out-of-School Suspensions (2018, methodology): “We used the linear threshold method, appropriate for logit models (Merlo et al., 2006), to compute the ICC, where ICC = Vg /(Vg + (π(2)/3)) and Vg represents the variance of the intercept on the logit scale estimated using a null multilevel model (i.”
Vulnerable Decision Points for Disproportionate Office Discipline Referrals: Comparisons of Discipline for African American and White Elementary School Students (2016, methodology): “We interpreted the educator- and school-level variances in terms of the median odds ratio (MOR), which is “the median value of the odds ratio between the [cluster] at highest risk and the [cluster] at lowest risk when randomly picking out two [clusters]” (Merlo et al., 2006, p. 292).”
Intermediate and advanced topics in multilevel logistic regression analysis (2017, methodology): “Nevertheless, there are a variety of procedures for calculating the VPC for binary responses, including a normal response approximation, the simulation method, the Taylor series linearization, and the latent response formulation [5,15,25,26].”