When Is Practice Testing Most Effective for Improving the Durability and Efficiency of Student Learning?

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Metacognition About Practice Testing: a Review of Learners’ Beliefs, Monitoring, and Control of Test-Enhanced Learning (2020, background): “Accurate monitoring is important because decisions about what, when, and how to study (i.e., control processes) are informed by learners’ perceptions of their own learning process (e.g., Metcalfe & Finn 2008; Dunlosky & Rawson, 2012; Thiede and Dunlosky 1999; Thiede et al. 2003).”
Generative Learning: Which Strategies for What Age? (2020, background): “Whereas generating a prediction requires retrieving prior knowledge, learning from a prediction requires processing feedback on that prediction (Vaughn and Rawson 2012).”
The learning benefits of teaching: A retrieval practice hypothesis (2018, background): “This demonstrated the benefits of retrieval practice on longer term retention of educationally relevant knowledge (see, also, Carpenter, 2012; Dunlosky, Rawson, Marsh, Nathan, & Willingham, 2013; Karpicke, 2012; Rawson & Dunlosky, 2012; Roediger & Butler, 2011).”