A review of listening strategies: focus on sources of knowledge and on success.

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Strategy Instruction in Listening for Lower‐Intermediate Learners of French (2008, background): “Furthermore, whether successful learners use certain strategies because they have reached a higher level of proficiency or whether the use of those strategies has led to that higher level of proficiency is still contested (see, e.g., Macaro et al., 2007).”
Listening Comprehension and Strategy Use: A Longitudinal Exploration. (2008, unknown): “In addition, it was considered to be important to compare two students who did not differ greatly in terms of their demonstrated linguistic knowledge since such knowledge is a likely variable in strategy use (see Macaro et al., 2007).”
Exploring the relationship between listening development and strategy use (2011, background): “…does not fully reflect ‘internal reality’ (Seliger, 1983: 180), and there may be some forgetting of information regarding strategy use by learners as they complete the task which may in addition be distorted by the process of verbalization (for a more detailed discussion, see Macaro et al., 2007).”
Exploring the relationship between metacognitive awareness and listening performance with questionnaire data (2014, background): “By relating learners’ overall MALQ scores to their listening scores, we sought a better understanding of how learners’ metacognitive awareness about listening may be a factor in their listening proficiency without suggesting a causal effect (see Macaro et al., 2007).”