Exosome Function: From Tumor Immunology to Pathogen Biology

By J. Schorey, Sanchita Bhatnagar. Traffic : the International Journal of Intracellular Transport, 2008

773 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Exosomes are the newest family member of ‘bioactive vesicles’ that function to promote intercellular communication. Exosomes are derived from the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane and extracellular release of the intraluminal vesicles. Recent studies have focused on the biogenesis and composition of exosomes as well as regulation of exosome release. Exosomes have been shown to be released by cells of hematopoietic and non‐hematopoietic origin, yet their function remains enigmatic. Much of the prior work has focused on exosomes as a source of tumor antigens and in presentation of tumor antigens to T cells. However, new studies have shown that exosomes might also promote cell‐to‐cell spread of infectious agents. Moreover, exosomes isolated from cells infected with various intracellular pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii, have been shown to contain microbial components and can promote antigen presentation and macrophage activation, suggesting that exosomes may function in immune surveillance. In this review, we summarize our understanding of exosome biogenesis but focus primarily on new insights into exosome function. We also discuss their possible use as disease biomarkers and vaccine candidates.

Subfields: Infectious Diseases, Molecular Biology, Parasitology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/69562375707590c1617c5b289144602d81fbda1f

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Infectious Diseases

1. Prachi Singh
2. Yong Cheng
3. V. L. Smith
4. María Yáñez-Mó
5. Zoraida Andreu
6. G. O’Toole
7. G. Raposo
8. J. Schorey

In Molecular Biology

1. G. Raposo
2. María Yáñez-Mó
3. Zoraida Andreu
4. Prachi Singh
5. Yong Cheng
6. V. L. Smith
7. J. Schorey
8. P. Altevogt

In Parasitology

1. Prachi Singh
2. Yong Cheng
3. V. L. Smith
4. J. Schorey

Citations in the corpus

• Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Liver Fibrosis (2013, background): “Cell-derived exosomes have been described as a new mechanism of cell-to-cell communication [15].”
• Astrocytes and Glioblastoma cells release exosomes carrying mtDNA (2009, background): “As a matter of fact, it has been shown that intrinsic features of exosomes (and of shedding microvesicles) allow their specific interaction with the appropriate target cells and fulfil their task of ‘roamers’ moving from the source-cell to the target-cell(s) (Belting and Wittrup 2008; Mallegol et al”
• Lysosomal dysfunction increases exosome-mediated alpha-synuclein release and transmission (2011, background): “E-mail address: l.alvarez@medsch.ucl.ac.uk (L. Alvar Available online on ScienceDirect (www.scienced doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.029 0969-9961 © 2011 Elsevier Inc. Open access under CC BY a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o”
• Long-Distance Delivery of Bacterial Virulence Factors by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Outer Membrane Vesicles (2009, background): “of the long distance delivery of signaling proteins between and among eukaryotic cells via exosomes [39], and may represent a”
• Selective transfer of exosomes from oligodendrocytes to microglia by macropinocytosis (2011, background): “In fact, cells not only use vesicular carriers to transport cargo within a cell, but also release a range of different vesicles into the extracellular space (Court et al., 2008; Schorey and Bhatnagar, 2008; Simons and Raposo, 2009; Thery et al., 2009).”
• Microvesicles: mediators of extracellular communication during cancer progression (2010, background): “Comprehensive reviews of exosome structure and function have recently been published (Schorey and Bhatnagar, 2008; Simons and Raposo, 2009).”
• Tetraspanins in Extracellular Vesicle Formation and Function (2014, background): “For example, tumor-derived EVs play a significant role in the communication and interaction between the tumor and immune cells by suppressing the anti-tumoral immune response (108).”
• Hypoxic enhancement of exosome release by breast cancer cells (2012, background): “Exosomes are biological nanovesicles (30 – 100 nm in diameter) constitutively released by cells through the fusion of multivesicular endosomes with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of intraluminal vesicles into the extracellular environment [1,2].”
• Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in host–pathogen interactions (2014, positive): “tuberculosis-infected cells was later shown to be a primary driver of this inflammatory response, which depends on the TLR/MyD88 pathway [185].”
• Characterization of human plasma-derived exosomal RNAs by deep sequencing (2013, background): “Exosomes derived from human (HMC-1) and mouse (MC/9) mast cell lines transported RNA to neighboring mast cells, impacting the function of the recipient mast cells [6,35].”
• Exosomes from Human Saliva as a Source of microRNA Biomarkers (2009, positive): “…diagnostics, exosomes have also emerged as an exciting potential candidate for immunotherapy and vaccination modalities (De La Peña et al, in press; Schorey and Bhatnagar, 2008), as well as a novel vector for gene therapy (Seow and Wood, 2009). microRNAs are a group of small RNAs, 19–25…”
• Exosomes in Cancer Development, Metastasis and Drug Resistance: A Comprehensive Review (2013, neutral): “These efforts have revealed various new facets of material transport across biological membranes and have verified, to a great extent, the role of exosomes in disease development [7, 8].”
• Formation and release of arrestin domain-containing protein 1-mediated microvesicles (ARMMs) at plasma membrane by recruitment of TSG101 protein (2012, background): “Fusion of MVBs with lysosomes leads to degradation of the cargo, whereas trafficking and fusion of MVBcontaining late endosomes with the plasmamembrane deliver small vesicles termed “exosomes” into the extracellular space (2, 14, 15).”
• Microvesicles derived from human adult mesenchymal stem cells protect against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced acute and chronic kidney injury. (2011, background): “ring proteins, biological reactive lipids and receptors [27,28].”
• Exosome Uptake through Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis and Macropinocytosis and Mediating miR-21 Delivery* (2014, background): “The interaction between tumor exosomes and cells plays important roles in tumor progression and immunity (10).”