Sex, Lies, and Video Games: The Portrayal of Male and Female Characters on Video Game Covers

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Virtual Virgins and Vamps: The Effects of Exposure to Female Characters’ Sexualized Appearance and Gaze in an Immersive Virtual Environment (2009, background): “…likely than male characters to be portrayed in a sexualized manner in video game advertisements (Scharrer 2004), gaming magazines (Dill and Thill 2007; Miller and Summers 2007), online reviews (Ivory 2006), game covers (Burgess et al. 2007) and in the games themselves (Beasley and Standley 2002).”
Effects of exposure to sex-stereotyped video game characters on tolerance of sexual harassment (2008, background): “Female video game characters are consistently shown as beautiful, busty, scantily clad sex objects (Burgess et al., 2007; Dill & Thill, 2007; Scharrer, 2004).”
What is a True Gamer? The Male Gamer Stereotype and the Marginalization of Women in Video Game Culture (2017, background): “These preferences are reflected in both a lack of female video game characters and hyper-sexualization of the female characters that do exist (Behm-Morawitz and Mastro 2009; Burgess et al. 2007; Dill and Thill 2007; Downs and Smith 2010; Martins et al. 2009; Ogletree and Drake 2007; Soukup 2007; Wil”
Playing With Prejudice: The Prevalence and Consequences of Racial Stereotypes in Video Games (2011, methodology): “We chose a sample of 149 games from the Burgess et al. (2007) sample of 225 games.”