Pedagogy for Developing Critical Thinking in Adolescents: Explicit Instruction Produces Greatest Gains.

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Explicit Instruction: Historical and Contemporary Contexts (2017, background): “…of Education Science (IES) Practice Guides (Gersten et al., 2009; Kamil et al., 2008), refereed journals in special and general education (e.g., Marin & Halpern, 2011; Mason & Hedin, 2011; Nelson-Walker et al., 2013; Smith, Spooner, & Wood, 2013), and educational psychology (e.g., Lorch et…”
The Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment and real-world outcomes: Cross-national applications (2012, background): “…of empirical evidence showing that critical thinking skills can be taught (for reviews, see Abrami et al., 2008; Chance, 1986; Halpern, 2003; Moseley et al., 2005; Nisbett, 1992), and that explicit critical thinking instruction is more beneficial than implicit instruction (Marin & Halpern, 2011).”
Handbook of Research on Learning and Instruction (2011, background): “In this section we describe several research studies examining two skill learning variables, feedback and contextual interference, influential in motor skill learning.”
Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment Predicts Real-World Outcomes of Critical Thinking (2012, background): “…thinking skills can be taught and learned (for reviews, see Abrami et al., 2008; Chance, 1986; Halpern, 2003; Moseley et al., 2005; Nisbett, 1992), and researchers have discovered that explicit critical thinking instruction is more beneficial than implicit instruction (Marin & Halpern, 2011).”