Optimization of Light Extraction Efficiency of III-Nitride LEDs With Self-Assembled Colloidal-Based Microlenses

By Y. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, R. Arif, H. Tong, Hongping Zhao, J. Gilchrist, Nelson Tansu. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2009

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Enhancement of light extraction from light emitting diodes (2011, background): “5° [114,115] and the fraction of light that is emitted into the escape cone is about ≈0.”
Advances in the LED Materials and Architectures for Energy-Saving Solid-State Lighting Toward “Lighting Revolution” (2012, background): “Meanwhile, the addition of a microlenses array on top of the device is capable of increasing the light extraction efficiency by more than two times [48]–[49] because of the increase in effective photon escape cone and a reduced level of internal reflection resulted from the grading of refractive ind”
Heat and fluid flow in high-power LED packaging and applications (2016, background): “5°, with an escape probability of only 4% from the top surface of the LED [51].”
III-Nitride Photonics (2010, background): “5 times in light output power, in comparison with that of conventional planar LEDs [52]–[54].”